Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory organs,...
Adrenergic Neurons: Neurotransmission01:27

Adrenergic Neurons: Neurotransmission

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers (except those supplying the sweat glands) releasing noradrenaline or norepinephrine are called noradrenergic or adrenergic neurons. Noradrenaline, dopamine, adrenaline, or epinephrine are collectively called "catecholamines" as they contain a catechol moiety and an amine side chain. The five stages of neurotransmitter release involve their synthesis, storage, release, reuptake and metabolism.
Synthesis: Catecholamine synthesis requires tyrosine, which is taken...
Neurons: The Axon01:21

Neurons: The Axon

Axons are long, cytoplasmic processes of nerve cells capable of propagating electrical impulses known as action potentials. The cytoplasm or axoplasm of an axon contains neurofibrils, neurotubules, small vesicles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and various enzymes, all encased within the axolemma, the plasma membrane of the axon.
The axon attaches to the cell body at a cone-shaped elevation called the axon hillock. The initial part of the axon, closest to the hillock, is known as the initial segment.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Development of Poliosis in Patients Treated With Immunotherapy for Metastatic Cutaneous and Non-Cutaneous Melanoma.

Pigment cell & melanoma research·2026
Same author

Treatment of Acne Keloidalis Nuchae in a Southern California Population.

Cutis·2026
Same author

The road to 100: single center experience with the first 100 consecutive robotic kidney transplants.

Journal of robotic surgery·2026
Same author

Arthroscopically confirmed cartilage degeneration in the lateral tibial plateau over two years following anterior cruciate ligament and meniscus injury: A retrospective study.

Journal of ISAKOS : joint disorders & orthopaedic sports medicine·2025
Same author

Toward a clinical algorithm for the detection of periprosthetic joint infections using targeted NGS.

Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease·2025
Same author

Objective postoperative knee stability after 1-stage and 2-stage revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Asia-Pacific journal of sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation and technology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo
08:29

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

Published on: October 30, 2014

Adenylyl cyclase-dependent axonal targeting in the olfactory system.

Julien A Dal Col1, Tomohiko Matsuo, Daniel R Storm

  • 1Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, and NCCR Frontiers in Genetics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|June 1, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Adenylyl cyclase 3 (AC3) is crucial for organizing the olfactory bulb

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The vertebrate olfactory bulb exhibits a highly organized topographical map of sensory inputs.
  • The precise mechanisms underlying this neural wiring remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of adenylyl cyclase 3 (AC3) in the formation of the olfactory bulb's topographical map.
  • To understand how AC3 influences olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axonal targeting.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of olfactory bulb structure and axonal projections in AC3-deficient mice.
  • Examination of gene expression, specifically neuropilin 1 (Nrp1), in OSN axons.

Main Results:

  • AC3 deficiency leads to disorganization of OSN axonal projection targets in the olfactory bulb.

More Related Videos

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes
06:32

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes

Published on: June 5, 2017

Whole Mount Labeling of Cilia in the Main Olfactory System of Mice
08:42

Whole Mount Labeling of Cilia in the Main Olfactory System of Mice

Published on: December 27, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo
08:29

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

Published on: October 30, 2014

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes
06:32

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes

Published on: June 5, 2017

Whole Mount Labeling of Cilia in the Main Olfactory System of Mice
08:42

Whole Mount Labeling of Cilia in the Main Olfactory System of Mice

Published on: December 27, 2014

  • Mutant mice show altered innervation patterns and shifts in the anteroposterior axis of the olfactory bulb.
  • AC3 depletion prevents Nrp1 expression in OSN axons.

    • Conclusions:

    • AC3 plays a significant role in the topographical mapping of the olfactory bulb.
    • AC3 is essential for proper OSN axonal guidance and targeting to the brain.
    • This mechanism likely involves the regulation of genes critical for axonal guidance.