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Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Teasing Out the Interplay Between Natural Killer Cells and Nociceptor Neurons
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Published on: June 30, 2022

NK cells at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity.

A Moretta1, E Marcenaro, S Parolini

  • 1Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via L.B. Alberti 2, Italy. alemoret@unige.it

Cell Death and Differentiation
|June 2, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Natural killer (NK) cells have diverse roles beyond tumor and virus defense. Specific NK cell subsets, like CD56(low) CD16(+) cells, are crucial for tissue immunity and shaping adaptive responses through interactions with dendritic cells.

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Purification and Expansion of Mouse Invariant Natural Killer T Cells for in vitro and in vivo Studies
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Purification and Expansion of Mouse Invariant Natural Killer T Cells for in vitro and in vivo Studies

Published on: February 15, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Natural killer (NK) cells are increasingly recognized for functions beyond direct cytotoxicity.
  • Distinct NK cell subsets, such as CD56(high) CD16(-) and CD56(low) CD16(+), exhibit specialized roles in cytokine production, cytotoxicity, and tissue homing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the functional heterogeneity of NK cell subsets.
  • To investigate the role of CD56(low) CD16(+) NK cells in inflamed tissues and their interaction with myeloid dendritic cells (DCs).
  • To understand the impact of NK-DC interactions on immune response modulation.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of NK cell subsets based on CD56 and CD16 expression.
  • Analysis of NK cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production.
  • Investigation of NK cell recruitment to inflamed tissues via chemokines like Chemerin.
  • Study of NK cell interactions with myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) and the process of DC 'editing'.

Main Results:

  • CD56(high) CD16(-) NK cells are cytokine-rich, while CD56(low) CD16(+) NK cells are highly cytotoxic.
  • CD56(low) CD16(+) NK cells are recruited to inflamed tissues, orchestrated by chemokines such as Chemerin.
  • NK cells interact with myeloid DCs, upregulating their functions and editing immature DCs.
  • NK-mediated DC editing is critical for generating mature DCs that promote Th1 responses.

Conclusions:

  • NK cell subsets possess distinct functional profiles, contributing to specialized roles in immunity.
  • The interaction between NK cells and myeloid DCs is a key mechanism for regulating innate and adaptive immunity.
  • NK-mediated quality control of DCs is essential for initiating protective Th1-mediated adaptive immunity.