Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Virtual Agent for Real-Time Motivational Interviewing by Integrating Adaptive Nonverbal Behavior and Language Models
Published on: December 23, 2025
Incorporating "motivation" into the functional analysis of challenging behavior: on the interactive and integrative
Paul Langthorne1, Peter McGill, Mark O'Reilly
1University of Kent.
Abstract:
Sensitivity theory attempts to account for the variability often observed in challenging behavior by recourse to the "aberrant motivation" of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. In this article, we suggest that a functional analysis based on environmental (challenging environments) and biological (challenging needs) motivating operations provides a more parsimonious and empirically grounded account of challenging behavior than that proposed by sensitivity theory. It is argued that the concept of the motivating operation provides a means of integrating diverse strands of research without the undue inference of mentalistic constructs. An integrated model of challenging behavior is proposed, one that remains compatible with the central tenets of functional analysis.
Related Concept Videos
Motivational Cycle
The cycle begins with a need. This need can arise from various conditions, such as hunger, thirst, or temperature changes. For instance, when an individual feels cold, their body...
Drive-Reduction Theory: Push Theory of Motivation
Introduction to Motivation and Emotion
Behavior Modification
A real-world application of operant conditioning principles is applied...
Incentive Theory: Pull Theory of Motivation
The theory differentiates between intrinsic and...
Operant Conditioning Intervention
In operant conditioning, behaviors that are...

