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Related Concept Videos

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction01:26

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

A Murine Model of Ischemic Retinal Injury Induced by Transient Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion
05:20

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Published on: November 12, 2020

Isolated bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia after ischemic stroke.

Daniel Ciampi de Andrade1, Leandro T Lucato, Fábio I Yamamoto

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. ciampi@terra.com.br

Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society
|June 6, 2007
PubMed
Summary

A stroke in the midbrain can cause sudden, isolated bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO). This brain imaging study confirms stroke as a cause of this specific eye movement disorder.

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Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

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Published on: April 14, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) is a common sign of neurological disease, typically affecting conjugate horizontal eye movements.
  • Bilateral INO can result from various conditions, including multiple sclerosis and brainstem strokes.

Observation:

  • A 63-year-old man presented with acute, isolated bilateral INO.
  • High-resolution brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed signal abnormalities.

Findings:

  • The MRI findings were consistent with an acute ischemic stroke.
  • The stroke was precisely localized to the infra-aqueductal region of the midbrain bilaterally.
  • This specific lesion correlated directly with the observed bilateral INO.

Implications:

  • This case provides clear evidence that acute ischemic stroke can manifest as an isolated bilateral INO.
  • Understanding the neuroanatomical basis of INO is crucial for accurate diagnosis and localization of brainstem lesions.
  • This highlights the importance of neuroimaging in evaluating patients with sudden onset ophthalmoplegia.