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Related Concept Videos

Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
Mate Choice01:20

Mate Choice

Mate choice—the decision about whom to mate with—is a type of natural selection, since animals must reproduce to pass down their genes. Mate choice is also called intersexual selection because the behavior occurs between the sexes.
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
Epistasis01:39

Epistasis

In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Probing the Limits of Egg Recognition Using Egg Rejection Experiments Along Phenotypic Gradients
07:34

Probing the Limits of Egg Recognition Using Egg Rejection Experiments Along Phenotypic Gradients

Published on: August 22, 2018

Colour preferences and colour vision in poultry chicks.

A D Ham1, D Osorio

  • 1School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.

Proceedings. Biological Sciences
|June 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Poultry chicks (Gallus gallus) foraging preferences reveal how color perception develops. Newly hatched chicks rely more on chromatic contrast, while older chicks show evidence of color categorization.

Area of Science:

  • Animal behavior
  • Visual perception
  • Avian cognition

Background:

  • Animal coloration plays a crucial role in communication, prompting questions about how non-human species perceive and categorize colors.
  • Understanding color perception in animals is vital for interpreting biological signals and evolutionary processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the color preferences and categorization abilities of foraging poultry chicks (Gallus gallus).
  • To evaluate the influence of chromatic contrast and categorization on attractiveness of colored objects for chicks.

Main Methods:

  • Chicks were presented with pairs of complementary colors (e.g., orange, blue, red, green) to assess pecking preferences.
  • Three models were tested: attractiveness based on chromatic contrast against the background, relative to an internal standard, or importance of categorization.

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Determination of Photoreceptor Cell Spectral Sensitivity in an Insect Model from In Vivo Intracellular Recordings

Published on: February 26, 2016

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  • Age-related differences in color perception were examined by testing newly hatched and 9-day-old chicks.

    • Main Results:

    • Chromatic contrast was a more significant factor for newly hatched chicks compared to 9-day-old chicks.
    • Color contrast alone could not fully explain the observed preferences, particularly the preference for orange over blue.
    • Evidence suggests that 9-day-old chicks categorize complementary colors, with grey acting as a perceptual boundary.

    Conclusions:

    • Color perception in poultry chicks evolves with age, shifting from contrast-based to categorization-based processing.
    • The findings provide insights into the development of visual processing and color categorization in avian species.
    • This study contributes to understanding the ecological and evolutionary significance of color vision in animals.