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Related Concept Videos

Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic acid...
Acid Strength and Molecular Structure03:05

Acid Strength and Molecular Structure

Binary Acids and Bases
In the absence of any leveling effect, the acid strength of binary compounds of hydrogen with nonmetals (A) increases as the H-A bond strength decreases down a group in the periodic table. For group 17, the order of increasing acidity is HF < HCl < HBr < HI. Likewise, for group 16, the order of increasing acid strength is H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te. Across a row in the periodic table, the acid strength of binary hydrogen compounds increases with increasing...
Molecular Structure and Acidity02:34

Molecular Structure and Acidity

An acid can be deprotonated to form a conjugate base or an anion. If the produced anion is more stable, then the acid is stronger. On the contrary, if the anion is unstable, then the acid is weaker. Hence, to determine the acidity of the compound, the stability of its conjugate base is studied using various factors.
The size effect explains the change in atomic size on acidity. When comparing the acids formed from elements that belong to the same column in the periodic table, their atomic sizes...
Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid01:18

Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid

The titration of a polyprotic base such as sodium carbonate with a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid results in two equivalence points on the titration curve. At the first equivalence point, the carbonate ions in the base are completely converted to bicarbonate ions. The second equivalence point corresponds to the complete conversion of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid, which dissociates into carbon dioxide and water. The region before the first equivalence point corresponds to the...
Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH01:19

Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH

Polyprotic acids of the type H2M constitute two ionizable protons. As a result, on titration with a base, they exhibit two equivalence points in the titration curve. During titration, the species H2M, HM−, and M2− will be present in the solution at different points. The fractions of H2M, HM−, and M2− present at the various instances of the titration are denoted by α0, α1, and α2, respectively.
A graph with the alpha values is plotted against the volume of base added during titration. Here, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives
09:22

Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives

Published on: February 7, 2017

Violuric acid monohydrate: a second polymorph with more extensive hydrogen bonding.

Kathy Guille1, Ross W Harrington, William Clegg

  • 1School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England.

Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Crystal Structure Communications
|June 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

A new crystal form of violuric acid monohydrate was identified. This polymorph exhibits higher density and a more complex hydrogen-bonding network compared to the known form.

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Synthesis of Terpolymers at Mild Temperatures Using Dynamic Sulfur Bonds in Poly(S-Divinylbenzene)
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Synthesis of Terpolymers at Mild Temperatures Using Dynamic Sulfur Bonds in Poly(S-Divinylbenzene)

Published on: May 20, 2019

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Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives
09:22

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Published on: February 7, 2017

Synthesis of Terpolymers at Mild Temperatures Using Dynamic Sulfur Bonds in Poly(S-Divinylbenzene)
09:16

Synthesis of Terpolymers at Mild Temperatures Using Dynamic Sulfur Bonds in Poly(S-Divinylbenzene)

Published on: May 20, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Physics

Background:

  • Violuric acid monohydrate is a compound with known crystalline forms.
  • Understanding polymorphism is crucial for material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize a newly discovered polymorph of violuric acid monohydrate.
  • To compare its structural features with the previously reported polymorph.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to determine the crystal structure.
  • Density measurements and hydrogen bond analysis were performed.

Main Results:

  • A second polymorph of violuric acid monohydrate was successfully crystallized and characterized.
  • This new polymorph shows a higher density than the previously known form.
  • An extensive hydrogen-bonding network involving violuric acid and water molecules forms planar sheets, stacked in an ABCABC pattern without ring-stacking.

Conclusions:

  • The discovery of a new polymorph expands the understanding of violuric acid monohydrate's solid-state behavior.
  • The distinct hydrogen-bonding arrangement in the new polymorph suggests potential differences in physical properties.