Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Reducing State Anxiety Using Working Memory Maintenance
Published on: July 19, 2017
Precompetitive state anxiety, objective and subjective performance, and causal attributions in competitive swimmers
Remco Polman1, Naomi Rowcliffe, Erika Borkoles
1Dept of Sport, Health & Exercise Science, The University of Hull, UK.
Abstract:
This study investigated the nature of the relationship between precompetitive state anxiety (CSAI-2C), subjective (race position) and objective (satisfaction) performance outcomes, and self-rated causal attributions (CDS-IIC) for performance in competitive child swimmers. Race position, subjective satisfaction, self-confidence, and, to a lesser extent, cognitive state anxiety (but not somatic state anxiety) were associated with the attributions provided by the children for their swimming performance. The study partially supported the self-serving bias hypothesis; winners used the ego-enhancing attributional strategy, but the losers did not use an ego-protecting attributional style. Age but not gender appeared to influence the attributions provided in achievement situations.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory
Fundamental Attribution Error
Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping
Social Facilitation
Trait and State Self-Esteem
Self-Discrepancy Theory
