A vertebrate slow skeletal muscle actin isoform

Salmonids utilize a unique, class II isoactin in slow skeletal muscle. This actin contains 12 replacements when compared with those from salmonid fast skeletal muscle, salmonid cardiac muscle and rabbit skeletal muscle. Substitutions are confined to subdomains 1 and 3, and most occur after residue 100. Depending on the pairing, the 'fast', 'cardiac' and rabbit actins share four, or fewer, substitutions. The two salmonid skeletal actins differ nonconservatively at six positions, residues 103, 155, 278, 281, 310 and 360, the latter involving a change in charge. The heterogeneity has altered the biochemical properties of the molecule. Slow skeletal muscle actin can be distinguished on the basis of mass, hydroxylamine cleavage and electrophoretic mobility at alkaline pH in the presence of 8 m urea. Further, compared with its counterpart in fast muscle, slow muscle actin displays lower activation of myosin in the presence of regulatory proteins, and weakened affinity for nucleotide. It is also less resistant to urea- and heat-induced denaturation. The midpoints of the change in far-UV ellipticity of G-actin versus temperature are approximately 45 degrees C ('slow' actin) and approximately 56 degrees C ('fast' actin). Similar melting temperatures are observed when thermal unfolding is monitored in the aromatic region, and is suggestive of differential stability within subdomain 1. The changes in nucleotide affinity and stability correlate with substitutions at the nucleotide binding cleft (residue 155), and in the C-terminal region, two parts of actin which are allosterically coupled. Actin is concluded to be a source of skeletal muscle plasticity.