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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
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Regulatory CD4(+)CD25(+) T-cells are controlled by multiple pathways at multiple levels.

Yanyan Qu1, Yong Zhao

  • 1Transplantation Biology Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

International Reviews of Immunology
|June 15, 2007
PubMed
Summary

CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T-cells (Treg cells) are crucial for preventing autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes the multiple pathways regulating Treg cell development, survival, and function.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T-cells (Treg cells) are essential for immune homeostasis.
  • The depletion of Treg cells can trigger lymphoproliferative autoimmune diseases in both animals and humans.
  • Physiologic regulation of Treg cells is critical to prevent autoimmunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive summary of the regulatory pathways governing Treg cells.
  • To elucidate the multiple levels and pathways involved in Treg cell development, survival, and function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on Treg cell regulation.
  • Analysis of key regulatory components including dendritic cells, costimulatory signals, cytokines, and intracellular signaling.

Main Results:

  • Treg cell regulation involves complex interactions at multiple levels.
  • Key regulatory pathways include those mediated by dendritic cells, costimulatory molecules, and various cytokines.
  • Intracellular signaling cascades also play a significant role in Treg cell biology.

Conclusions:

  • Treg cells are tightly regulated through diverse interconnected pathways.
  • Understanding these regulatory mechanisms is vital for comprehending immune tolerance and autoimmune disease pathogenesis.
  • Further research into these pathways may offer therapeutic targets for autoimmune disorders.