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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport

Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
Introduction to Membrane Traffic01:44

Introduction to Membrane Traffic

The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
The transport of soluble and membrane proteins is mediated by transport vesicles that collect cargo from one cellular compartment and deliver it to another by fusing with the target organelle membrane. The Rab...
Introduction to Membrane Traffic01:44

Introduction to Membrane Traffic

The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
The transport of soluble and membrane proteins is mediated by transport vesicles that collect cargo from one cellular compartment and deliver it to another by fusing with the target organelle membrane. The Rab...
The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin01:28

The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin

Essential proteins such as insulin or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and micronutrients such as iron enter a eukaryotic cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Subsequently, the early endosomes fuse with the vesicles containing such receptor-ligand complexes and play a vital role in sorting the incoming ligands and receptors. While the ligands are either degraded inside the vesicle or released into the cytosol, their receptors are returned to the plasma membrane for further rounds of...
Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Image-Based Methods to Study Membrane Trafficking Events in Stomatal Lineage Cells
11:31

Image-Based Methods to Study Membrane Trafficking Events in Stomatal Lineage Cells

Published on: May 12, 2023

New insights into membrane trafficking and protein sorting.

Merran C Derby1, Paul A Gleeson

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.

International Review of Cytology
|June 15, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Cellular protein transport relies on precise membrane trafficking, involving cargo sorting, carrier movement, and fusion. Understanding organelle identity and membrane subdomains is key to regulating these essential cellular processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Protein transport via secretory and endocytic pathways is crucial for cellular function.
  • Membrane trafficking involves cargo loading, transport, and fusion, regulated by protein and lipid interactions.
  • This process is interconnected with cellular functions like ER quality control, cytoskeletal dynamics, signaling, and mitosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging themes in organelle identity and membrane subdomain biogenesis.
  • To discuss the regulation of Golgi trafficking.
  • To highlight advances in dissecting membrane transport pathways in physiological systems.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes current research on membrane trafficking mechanisms.
  • Focuses on the assembly of protein and lipid components on organelles.
  • Examines the role of peripheral protein recruitment in defining organelle identity and subdomains.

Main Results:

  • Recruitment of peripheral proteins is critical for establishing organelle identity and membrane subdomains.
  • Membrane subdomains are essential for regulating vesicle transport, cargo sorting, and carrier generation.
  • The biogenesis of membrane subdomains is central to understanding cargo segregation and transport carrier formation.

Conclusions:

  • Membrane trafficking is intimately linked with fundamental cellular processes.
  • Understanding organelle identity and membrane subdomains provides insights into transport regulation.
  • Advances in dissecting these pathways are crucial for understanding cellular physiology.