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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT
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Reprogramming following somatic cell nuclear transfer in primates is dependent upon nuclear remodeling.

S M Mitalipov1, Q Zhou, J A Byrne

  • 1Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA. mitalipo@ohsu.edu

Human Reproduction (Oxford, England)
|June 15, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optimizing somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in primates requires understanding cytoplast-mediated nuclear remodeling. Modified protocols preventing premature cytoplast activation improve reprogramming efficiency and blastocyst development.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Cellular reprogramming

Background:

  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) relies on cytoplasts to reprogram donor nuclei.
  • Maturation promoting factor is crucial for nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) and premature chromosome condensation (PCC).
  • Previous primate SCNT protocols faced challenges, suggesting issues with nuclear remodeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of cytoplast-mediated nuclear remodeling in primate SCNT.
  • To identify factors hindering efficient reprogramming in conventional SCNT protocols.
  • To develop improved SCNT methods for enhanced nuclear remodeling and developmental potential.

Main Methods:

  • Monitoring NEBD and PCC in monkey SCNT embryos using lamin A/C immunolabeling.
  • Identifying premature cytoplast activation triggers like fluorochrome-assisted enucleation and electrofusion.
  • Modifying SCNT protocols to prevent premature cytoplast activation.

Main Results:

  • Incomplete NEBD and PCC were linked to developmental arrest in initial SCNT attempts.
  • Modified protocols successfully induced robust NEBD and PCC by preventing premature cytoplast activation.
  • Over 20% of SCNT embryos developed to blastocysts, with successful Oct-4 expression, indicating effective reprogramming.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear remodeling events are critical for successful reprogramming in SCNT.
  • Preventing premature cytoplast activation is key to achieving efficient SCNT in primates.
  • This study offers a breakthrough in understanding and improving SCNT techniques.