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Related Concept Videos

Barriers to Effective Communication II01:21

Barriers to Effective Communication II

The barriers to effective communication also include cultural barriers, semantic barriers, gender barriers, and time constraints.
Cultural barriers:
Differences in values, beliefs, religion, knowledge, and tradition can significantly impact communication. Awareness of nonverbal cues is critical, especially when conversing with a patient from a different culture. What appears appropriate in one culture may be inappropriate in another.
Semantic barriers:
As a result of their tendency to use...
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Effective communication is the foundation of a good organization. Communication is the lifeblood of an organization that connects the group with messages. In an organization, communication occurs in upward, downward, and horizontal lines. Downward communication travels from the administrative and senior levels to the staff through official channels such as manuals, rules and regulations, and organizational charts. Staff members initiate upward communication, which is addressed to executives and...
Barriers to Effective Communication I01:30

Barriers to Effective Communication I

A communication barrier is any distortion or interruption during a conversation, resulting in miscommunication of the message. A good communicator should know these barriers and continuously check for the listener's understanding by obtaining feedback.
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Impression Management Techniques I: Managing Appearances

Appearance is a multidimensional aspect of self-presentation that encompasses observable attributes such as clothing, grooming, speech, and nonverbal behavior. These elements are often strategically managed to align with socially constructed expectations in different settings. For instance, individuals tailor their appearance during job interviews, social gatherings, or athletic events to meet the perceived norms of those environments.Contextual Adaptation and Social SignalsThe research...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

An Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Ageing on Sentence Processing
04:30

An Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Ageing on Sentence Processing

Published on: October 25, 2019

Age-related differences in communication and audience design.

William S Horton1, Daniel H Spieler2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Northwestern University.

Psychology and Aging
|June 15, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Younger adults adapt their speech for familiar partners, showing quicker and shorter descriptions. Older adults did not demonstrate this audience design, possibly due to memory retrieval challenges.

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Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach
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Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

An Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Ageing on Sentence Processing
04:30

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Published on: October 25, 2019

Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach
10:13

Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach

Published on: February 14, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Linguistics
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Audience design is the process of adapting communication for specific listeners.
  • Understanding age-related differences in audience design is crucial for effective intergenerational communication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related differences in audience design.
  • To examine how younger and older adults adapt their speech based on listener familiarity.

Main Methods:

  • Participants engaged in a card-matching task to establish common ground.
  • A computer-based picture-description task with a partner-cuing paradigm was used.
  • Speech characteristics (description length, initiation time, lexical overlap) were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Younger speakers produced shorter, faster descriptions for familiar partners.
  • Younger speakers showed greater lexical overlap with familiar partners.
  • Older speakers did not exhibit significant audience design effects.

Conclusions:

  • Younger adults actively engage in audience design, adjusting speech for familiar listeners.
  • Older adults may face challenges in retrieving partner-specific information, hindering audience design.
  • Findings suggest age-related differences in the cognitive mechanisms supporting audience design.