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Related Concept Videos

Cloning of Dolly the Sheep01:08

Cloning of Dolly the Sheep

The first successfully cloned mammal was Dolly, a sheep, born on 5th July 1996 at Roslin Institute, Scotland. The cloned sheep was named after the American singer Dolly Parton. Dolly lived for seven years and died of respiratory complications, which is speculated to be due to the actual age of her DNA. Because the DNA in cloned cells belongs to an older individual,  the cloned individual’s life expectancy may be affected. Indeed, analysis of Dolly’s DNA revealed shorter telomeres than other...
Milgram's Obedience to Authority02:20

Milgram's Obedience to Authority

Obedience to authority is classically demonstrated in a more famous series of social psychology experiments performed by Stanley Milgram. He was a social psychology professor at Yale who was influenced by the trial of Adolf Eichmann, a Nazi war criminal. Eichmann’s defense for the atrocities he committed was that he was “just following orders.”
Obedience01:08

Obedience

According to obedience research, we may harm others under the forceful pressures of an authority figure (Milgram, 1974). How about if the inappropriate orders were delivered with less force? The increasing interdependence between nurses and physicians compelled Hofling and his colleagues to explore nurses’ reactions to a potentially harmful medical request made by the perceived authority figure, the doctor (Hofling, Brotzman, Dalrymple, Graves, & Pierce, 1966). In this situation, obedience...
Imprinting01:22

Imprinting

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Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
Deindividuation00:57

Deindividuation

Deindividuation is a form of social influence on an individual’s behavior such that the individual engages in unusual or non-normal behavior while in a group setting. Why? Because in these group settings, the individual no longer sees themselves as an individual anymore, disinhibiting their behavior and personal restraint.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Ovine Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Model Utilizing a Lateral Retroperitoneal Drill Bit Injury
07:25

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Published on: May 25, 2017

IL-33: a sheep in wolf's clothing?

Massimo Gadina1, Caroline A Jefferies

  • 1Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK. m.g.gadina@qub.ac.uk

Science'S STKE : Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment
|June 15, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) acts as a nuclear repressor, potentially reducing inflammation. This cytokine, along with its receptor ST2, may offer novel therapeutic strategies for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Cytokines regulate cell communication, but some act intracrine, influencing gene transcription within the nucleus.
  • Interleukin-33 (IL-33), similar to IL-1 and IL-18, exhibits dual activity, functioning both extracellularly and intracellularly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the novel intracrine and extracellular functions of Interleukin-33 (IL-33).
  • To explore the potential therapeutic applications of IL-33 in inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of IL-33's interaction with its receptor ST2 and its role in T helper 2 (Th2) immune responses.
  • Investigating ST2's inhibitory effect on Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by sequestering adaptor molecules MyD88 and Mal.
  • Evaluating the nuclear repressor activity of IL-33 and its potential to counteract inflammatory signals.

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A Large Animal Model for Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricular Failure: Left Pulmonary Artery Ligation and Progressive Main Pulmonary Artery Banding in Sheep
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Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

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Published on: July 15, 2021

Main Results:

  • Soluble IL-33 binds ST2, mediating Th2 immunoregulatory activity.
  • ST2 inhibits TLRs by sequestering MyD88 and Mal, suggesting a role in modulating immune responses.
  • IL-33's nuclear repressor activity and expression in inflamed tissues indicate a potential anti-inflammatory role.

Conclusions:

  • IL-33 demonstrates dual activity, with extracellular functions involving ST2 and intracellular functions as a nuclear repressor.
  • ST2's interaction with TLRs suggests a mechanism for limiting pathogen-induced immune responses.
  • IL-33 presents potential as a novel therapeutic agent for decreasing inflammation in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.