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Related Concept Videos

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily regulated...
ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps01:34

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps

The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...
Active Transport01:14

Active Transport

Active transport is a critical biological process that allows cells to move solutes against an electrochemical gradient. This process requires direct energy input and is characterized by its selectivity, saturability, and susceptibility to competitive inhibition.
Primary active transporters, like Na+, K+ and -ATPase, directly utilize ATP to move ions across the membrane. These transporters play significant roles in various physiological processes. For instance, Na+, K+ and -ATPase maintain...
ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps01:30

ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps

V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma membranes of a few specialized eukaryotic cells, and some prokaryotes. They are also known as the V1Vo-ATPase, that couple ATP hydrolysis to transport protons against a concentration gradient.
The peripheral or cytosolic V1 domain with eight subunits is involved in ATP hydrolysis. The integral or transmembrane V0 domain containing at least five subunits...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Transporters: P-Glycoprotein and Solute Carrier Transporters01:16

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Transporters: P-Glycoprotein and Solute Carrier Transporters

The pharmacogenetics of drug transporters is increasingly recognized as a critical factor influencing interindividual variability in drug absorption, distribution, and elimination. These membrane-bound proteins regulate drugs' movement across cellular barriers by actively pumping them out (efflux) or facilitating their uptake (influx). Among the major transporter families, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) transporters play particularly prominent roles. Genetic polymorphisms...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...

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A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro
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Sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporters and vascular calcification.

Xianwu Li1, Cecilia M Giachelli

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, USA.

Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension
|June 15, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Phosphate uptake through the Pit-1 transporter is crucial for vascular smooth muscle cell calcification and an osteochondrogenic phenotype change. Targeting Pit-1 may offer a new therapeutic strategy for vascular calcification.

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Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Vascular calcification is linked to cardiovascular events in patients with end-stage renal disease and diabetes.
  • Hyperphosphatemia is a significant risk factor for vascular calcification in these populations.
  • Sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporters are essential for cellular phosphate uptake.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of phosphate transport, specifically type III sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporters, in vascular calcification.
  • To explore the mechanism by which phosphate influences vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype and mineralization.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing clinical and animal studies.
  • Analysis of in vitro studies on cultured smooth muscle cells.
  • Investigation of the role of the type III sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter, Pit-1.

Main Results:

  • Elevated phosphate induces smooth muscle cell mineralization and an osteochondrogenic phenotype in vitro.
  • Inhibition of Pit-1 prevents phosphate-induced calcification and osteochondrogenic changes.
  • Pit-1 expression is upregulated by factors like TNF-alpha, BMP-2, PDGF, and calcium.

Conclusions:

  • Phosphate uptake via Pit-1 is essential for the osteochondrogenic phenotypic shift and calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells.
  • Modulating Pit-1 activity presents a potential therapeutic target for preventing vascular calcification.