Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants


Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating sympathetic or...
Toxidromes: Clinical Features01:30

Toxidromes: Clinical Features

Toxidromes are specific patterns of symptoms resulting from toxic substance exposure. They help in the identification and treatment of poisoning. The symptoms of each toxidrome group indicate poisoning by a certain class of chemicals or drugs.1. Sympathomimetic: Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. Symptoms include agitation, increased heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR), temperature, and pupil size. Drugs like cocaine and amphetamines, along with tremors and...
CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids

CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its effects by...
Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis01:29

Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis

Drugs affecting neurotransmitter synthesis can impact the adrenergic neuron and the synthesis of neurotransmitters. For example, α-methyltyrosine and carbidopa target specific enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. α-methyltyrosine inhibits the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, which converts tyrosine into dopamine. By blocking this enzyme, α-methyltyrosine reduces dopamine production and other catecholamines. Carbidopa, on the other hand, inhibits the enzyme dopa decarboxylase, which converts...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Anticonvulsant Action of Thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazole Derivative Les-3384 as a Promising Antiepileptic Agent (In Vivo and In Silico Studies).

Archiv der Pharmazie·2026
Same author

Targeting microtubule dynamics: synthesis and evaluation of novel 4-thiazolidinone derivatives in pancreatic Cancer.

Bioorganic chemistry·2026
Same author

From Virtual Screening to Cell Phenotype: 4-Thiazolidone Scaffolds Targeting LOXL2 in Breast Cancer.

Chemical biology & drug design·2026
Same author

A Review of Recent Advances in the Anticancer Mechanisms of Activity of Novel Thiazoles and 4-Thiazolidinones/Thiazolidinediones (2021-2025).

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Synthesis and evaluation of novel 4-thiazolidinone-5-nitrofuran hybrids as promising antimicrobial agents.

Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry·2026
Same author

Bromo Analogues of Active 3,4,5,4'-Tetramethoxy-<i>trans</i>-stilbene (DMU-212)-A New Path of Research to Anticancer Agents.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones
06:06

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones

Published on: February 5, 2018

Manganic encephalopathy due to "ephedrone" abuse.

Yanush Sanotsky1, Roman Lesyk, Lyudmyla Fedoryshyn

  • 1Department of Neurology, Lviv Regional Clinical Hospital, Lviv, Ukraine. janush_s@yahoo.com

Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society
|June 15, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Self-injecting "ephedrone" led to manganese poisoning in six patients, causing Parkinsonism-like symptoms. Neuroimaging confirmed manganese accumulation in the basal ganglia, unresponsive to Levodopa treatment.

More Related Videos

Setup of Capillary Electrophoresis-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS) for Quantification of Iron Redox Species (Fe(II), Fe(III))
04:48

Setup of Capillary Electrophoresis-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS) for Quantification of Iron Redox Species (Fe(II), Fe(III))

Published on: May 4, 2020

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
10:17

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: April 23, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones
06:06

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones

Published on: February 5, 2018

Setup of Capillary Electrophoresis-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS) for Quantification of Iron Redox Species (Fe(II), Fe(III))
04:48

Setup of Capillary Electrophoresis-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS) for Quantification of Iron Redox Species (Fe(II), Fe(III))

Published on: May 4, 2020

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
10:17

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: April 23, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Toxicology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Drug abuse can lead to novel routes of toxic exposure.
  • Home-brewed illicit substances pose significant health risks due to unknown contaminants and by-products.

Observation:

  • Six patients developed Parkinsonism-like symptoms after self-injecting a homemade drug mixture called "ephedrone."
  • The mixture contained manganese, a by-product from synthesizing phenylpropanoneamine (methcathinone).
  • Clinical presentation included apathy, bradykinesia, gait disorder, and dysarthria.

Findings:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) revealed symmetric hyperintense T1-weighted signals in the basal ganglia, indicative of manganese accumulation.
  • Symptoms were unresponsive to Levodopa, a standard treatment for Parkinson's disease.
  • This suggests a distinct neurotoxic mechanism caused by manganese exposure.

Implications:

  • Highlights the severe neurological consequences of manganese exposure from illicit drug use.
  • Underscores the need for awareness among clinicians regarding manganese poisoning in patients with substance use disorders.
  • Suggests that neuroimaging is crucial for diagnosing manganese-induced neurotoxicity.