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Related Concept Videos

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Overview01:21

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Overview

Sample preparation is an essential step in the analytical process. It involves preparing a sample so that it can be analyzed accurately. The goal is to extract the analyte, the substance you want to measure, from the sample while removing any components that may interfere with the analysis. Sample preparation techniques vary depending on the physical state of the sample.
Bulk or large solid samples are typically reduced in size using grinding, crushing, or milling techniques to increase the...
Sampling Methods: Sample Types01:18

Sampling Methods: Sample Types

Sampling materials are classified into three main types: solid, liquid, and gas.
Solid samples include a variety of substances, such as sediments from water bodies, soil, metals, and biological tissues. Two standard methods for extracting sediments from water bodies are grab sampling and piston coring. Grab sampling involves using a device to collect a discrete sediment sample from the bottom of a water body with minimal disturbance. Grab samples do not always represent the entire area due to...
Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is formed in...
Gas Chromatography: Introduction01:13

Gas Chromatography: Introduction

Gas chromatography (GC) is a technique for separating and analyzing volatile compounds in a sample. Its primary purpose is to identify and quantify components in complex mixtures, making it essential in fields such as environmental analysis, pharmaceuticals, and petrochemicals. GC is also called vapor-phase chromatography (VPC) or gas-liquid partition chromatography (GLPC).
In GC,  a sample is vaporized and mixed with an inert carrier gas (the mobile phase), which transports it through a column.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Elution Process01:05

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Elution Process

In High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), the elution process is critical to the separation of analytes and the quality of chromatographic results. Elution describes how compounds move through the column and separate based on their interactions with the mobile and stationary phases. This process determines the resolution, peak shape, and retention times in the chromatogram, which are essential for identifying and quantifying components in complex mixtures. Understanding the elution...
Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): Interferences01:20

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): Interferences

Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) is a highly selective and sensitive technique for accurate elemental analysis. Though the analysis of ICP–MS mass spectra is comparatively straightforward, it is affected by spectroscopic and non-spectroscopic interferences. Spectroscopic interferences arise when the plasma contains ionic species with an m/z value the same as the analyte ion. Spectroscopic interference can be categorized as isobaric, polyatomic ions, and refractory oxide ion...

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Potential sources of background contaminants in solid phase extraction and microextraction.

Robert Stiles1, Ill Yang, Robert Lee Lippincott

  • 1Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.

Journal of Separation Science
|June 15, 2007
PubMed
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Background contamination in solid-phase extraction (SPE) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) primarily originates from the materials themselves. Phthalates and plasticizers were identified as common contaminants in both methods, with specific compounds exceeding acceptable levels.

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Published on: January 7, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Background contamination is a critical concern in trace analysis.
  • Solid-phase extraction (SPE) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) are widely used techniques for sample preparation.
  • Identifying sources of contamination is crucial for accurate results.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the sources of background contamination in SPE (C-18 sorbent) and SPME (CW/DVB fiber).
  • To quantify the contribution of individual components to overall contamination.
  • To characterize the types of contaminants present in blank procedures.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation and examination of individual components used in SPE and SPME procedures.
  • Analysis of SPE components: sorbent material, frits, column housings, and elution solvents.
  • Analysis of SPME components: fiber, vials, HPLC-grade water, and sodium chloride.

Main Results:

  • SPE background contamination predominantly stemmed from sorbent material and frits.
  • Common SPE contaminants included phthalates and plasticizers, with undecane detected at 5.4 ng/mL.
  • SPME blank procedures showed contamination from 1,9-nonanediol, phthalates, and bis-substituted phenols.
  • Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in SPME ranged from 5 to 20 ng/mL, exceeding the 2 ng/mL threshold.

Conclusions:

  • The materials used in SPE and SPME are significant sources of background contamination.
  • Phthalates and plasticizers are prevalent contaminants, necessitating careful material selection and handling.
  • Specific contaminants like undecane and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate require particular attention due to higher concentrations.