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Articulations of the Vertebral Column

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...

Anatomical Movements

Anatomical Movements

Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal,...

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary or...

Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...

Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

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Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

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Cervical facet joint kinematics during bilateral facet dislocation.

Manohar M Panjabi¹, Andrew K Simpson, Paul C Ivancic

¹Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8071, USA.

European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society

|June 15, 2007

Summary

High-speed impact causes complex cervical bilateral facet dislocation (BFD) motions, including separation, flexion, and sliding. These findings suggest unilateral dislocation may precede bilateral facet joint injury.

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Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Spinal Injury Research
Orthopedic Surgery

Background:

Existing biomechanical models for cervical bilateral facet dislocation (BFD) are limited to quasi-static loading or manual ligament transection.
Understanding facet joint kinematics during high-speed BFD is crucial for injury prevention and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the facet joint kinematics during high-speed cervical bilateral facet dislocation (BFD).

Main Methods:

Simulated BFD using ten cervical functional spinal units subjected to frontal impact.
Replicated muscle forces and posterior tilt of the lower vertebra (42.5 degrees).
Measured facet joint rotations, anterior sliding, separation, compression, and lateral shear at facet edges.

Main Results:

Peak facet separation was significantly greater at the posterior facet edge.
Peak flexion rotation (63 degrees) and anterior facet sliding (22.0 mm) were the predominant motions.
Facet separation (7.9 mm), compression (9.9 mm), and lateral shear (3.6 mm) also occurred within 0.29 seconds post-impact.

Conclusions:

High-speed BFD involves complex sagittal and non-sagittal motions, including separation, flexion, anterior sliding, and compression.
The observed kinematic sequence suggests that unilateral facet dislocation may precede bilateral facet joint involvement.