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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

Integration of Synaptic Events

Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters01:29

Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters

When an action potential reaches the presynaptic axon terminal, it releases neurotransmitters from the neuron into the synaptic cleft at a chemical synapse. The released neurotransmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory. The critical criteria commonly used to determine whether a molecule is a neurotransmitter at a chemical synapse are the molecule's presence in the presynaptic neuron. Second, its release is in response to strong presynaptic depolarization. And lastly, the presence of specific...
Neurochemical Transmission: Sites of Drug Action01:26

Neurochemical Transmission: Sites of Drug Action

Neurochemical transmission, the conduction of electrical impulses between neurons mediated by neurotransmitters, plays a vital role in various physiological processes. Autonomic drugs exert their effects by modulating neurotransmission within the autonomic nervous system. For instance, drugs such as hemicholinium block the precursor uptake necessary for synthesizing acetylcholine, an essential autonomic neurotransmitter. Following synthesis, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles. Metyrosine...
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Long-term Potentiation of Perforant Pathway-dentate Gyrus Synapse in Freely Behaving Mice
11:13

Long-term Potentiation of Perforant Pathway-dentate Gyrus Synapse in Freely Behaving Mice

Published on: November 29, 2013

Two forms of long-term potentiation induced by different compounds.

L Xu1, X-Y Wang, S-L Liu

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.

Journal of Asian Natural Products Research
|June 15, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals distinct pathways for long-term potentiation (LTP) induction by (-)-clausenamide and Rg1. (-)-Clausenamide uses voltage-dependent calcium channels, while Rg1 utilizes N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors for nootropic effects.

More Related Videos

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation
09:39

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

Published on: June 26, 2013

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices
09:30

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

Published on: October 16, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Long-term Potentiation of Perforant Pathway-dentate Gyrus Synapse in Freely Behaving Mice
11:13

Long-term Potentiation of Perforant Pathway-dentate Gyrus Synapse in Freely Behaving Mice

Published on: November 29, 2013

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation
09:39

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

Published on: June 26, 2013

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices
09:30

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

Published on: October 16, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Long-term potentiation (LTP) is crucial for learning and memory.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms of LTP is key to developing cognitive enhancers.
  • Different compounds may induce LTP via distinct cellular pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the specific mechanisms of long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by (-)-clausenamide and Rg1.
  • To differentiate the calcium influx pathways involved in compound-induced LTP.
  • To establish a pharmacological basis for the nootropic potential of (-)-clausenamide and Rg1.

Main Methods:

  • Electrophysiological recordings in hippocampal slices.
  • Pharmacological manipulation of calcium channels and receptors.
  • Analysis of LTP induction under different compound treatments.

Main Results:

  • (-)-Clausenamide-induced LTP in the hippocampus is dependent on calcium influx through voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs).
  • Rg1-induced LTP is mediated by calcium entry via the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor.
  • Distinct calcium signaling pathways underlie the LTP effects of these two compounds.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the specific molecular targets for (-)-clausenamide and Rg1 in inducing LTP.
  • Findings provide a pharmacological rationale for the nootropic properties of these compounds.
  • This research contributes to understanding the neurobiology of memory enhancement.