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Related Concept Videos

Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
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Interpersonal Psychotherapy01:25

Interpersonal Psychotherapy

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a structured, time-limited therapeutic approach initially developed to treat depression. It integrates key concepts from psychodynamic, humanistic, and cognitive-behavioral therapies, making it a uniquely eclectic framework. The therapy is rooted in the interpersonal theories of Adolph Meyer and Harry Stack Sullivan, as well as John Bowlby's attachment theory, and focuses on the interplay between interpersonal relationships and emotional well-being.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
14:56

An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)

Published on: January 27, 2010

The development and validation of the Pre-operative Intrusive Thoughts Inventory (PITI).

J K Crockett1, A Gumley, A Longmate

  • 1Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, NHS Forth Valley, The Manor, Brown Street, Camelon FK1 4PX, UK.

Anaesthesia
|June 15, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Pre-operative anxiety significantly impacts surgical outcomes. Researchers developed the Pre-operative Intrusive Thoughts Inventory (PITI) to effectively evaluate patient anxiety before surgery.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
14:56

An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)

Published on: January 27, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Psychology
  • Healthcare Management

Background:

  • Pre-operative anxiety is a prevalent issue affecting surgical recovery.
  • Anxiety influences postoperative pain, hospital stay duration, and patient satisfaction.
  • Current assessment tools may not fully capture the nuances of pre-operative anxiety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the content of pre-operative anxiety in day surgery patients.
  • To develop and validate a new tool for evaluating pre-operative anxiety.
  • To identify key themes contributing to patient anxiety before surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited 128 day surgery patients for the study.
  • Conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to construct the Pre-operative Intrusive Thoughts Inventory (PITI).
  • Assessed the internal consistency, sensitivity, and specificity of the PITI using established measures.

Main Results:

  • Identified six core themes of pre-operative anxiety: preoccupation, outcome concerns, being unconscious, loss of control, dependence on others, and pain/discomfort.
  • The PITI demonstrated strong internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.91 for full scale).
  • The PITI showed good sensitivity (0.88) and acceptable specificity (0.60) in identifying clinically significant anxiety.

Conclusions:

  • The Pre-operative Intrusive Thoughts Inventory (PITI) is a reliable and valid tool for assessing pre-operative anxiety.
  • The PITI has potential for use in pre-operative assessment clinics to enhance patient care.
  • Understanding anxiety themes can inform targeted interventions to improve patient experience and outcomes.