Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Development and Functional Characterization of Murine Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells
Published on: May 18, 2018
Myeloid differentiation factor 88-independent Toll-like receptor pathway: Sustaining inflammation or promoting
Subhra K Biswas1, Vinay Tergaonkar
1Bioinformatics Institute (A*STAR), Matrix, Biopolis Street, Singapore 138671, Singapore. subhra_biswas@immunol.a-star.edu.sg
Abstract:
Toll-like receptor signaling represents a principal molecular pathway for host innate immunity. Mechanistically, it can be segregated into two distinct cascades: the myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent and myeloid differentiation factor 88-independent (or Toll receptor-associated activator of interferon-mediated) cascades. Myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent signaling is common to all the Toll-like receptors, except Toll-like receptor 3, which exclusively utilizes the myeloid differentiation factor 88-independent pathway. Based on recent evidences, a possible role for myeloid differentiation factor 88-independent pathway not only in sustaining inflammatory responses during Gram-negative infection but also in protective responses like endotoxin tolerance is proposed in this review. We hypothesize that the delayed kinetics of activation of the myeloid differentiation factor 88-independent pathway might be functionally aimed at tuning-down inflammatory reactions through promotion of cellular tolerization and possibly protecting hosts from inflammation-induced injury. Future studies will be needed to experimentally validate this idea and the crucial relevance of the myeloid differentiation factor 88-independent pathway.
Related Concept Videos
T Cell Types and Functions
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The heterodimer of NF-κB...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease
Inflammatory Response
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway
Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells

