Second-harmonic-generation microscope using eight-segment polarization-mode converter to observe three-dimensional molecular orientation
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Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Multimodal Nonlinear Hyperspectral Chemical Imaging Using Line-Scanning Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation Microscopy
Published on: December 1, 2023
Keisuke Yoshiki1, Ryosuke Kanamaru, Kanamaru Ryosuke
1Division of Bioengineering, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan.
Abstract:
We developed a compact polarization-mode converter for microscopy to control three-dimensional polarization at the focus. The converter consisted of two homogeneously aligned liquid-crystal spatial light modulators with eight independently controllable electrodes (segments), and a quarter-waveplate. The converter converted a linearly polarized beam to three polarization modes: two orthogonal linear polarizations and a pseudo-radial polarization. We applied the converter to second-harmonic-generation microscopy and demonstrated the detection of three-dimensional molecular orientation.
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