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Related Concept Videos

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
Caspases01:24

Caspases

Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside cells.
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...

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Mitochondrial respiratory uncoupling promotes keratinocyte differentiation and blocks skin carcinogenesis.

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TRAIL-activated stress kinases suppress apoptosis through transcriptional upregulation of MCL-1.

Cell death and differentiation·2010
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Death receptors leave a caspase footprint that Smacs of XIAP.

Cell death and differentiation·2003
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XIAP inhibition of caspase-3 preserves its association with the Apaf-1 apoptosome and prevents CD95- and Bax-induced apoptosis.

Cell death and differentiation·2002
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Caspase cascades in chemically-induced apoptosis.

Advances in experimental medicine and biology·2002
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Caspase-3 cleaves Apaf-1 into an approximately 30 kDa fragment that associates with an inappropriately oligomerized and biologically inactive approximately 1.4 MDa apoptosome complex.

Cell death and differentiation·2001

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis
12:55

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis

Published on: February 16, 2015

'Heated' debates in apoptosis.

R S Milleron1, S B Bratton

  • 1Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, Texas 78712-0125, USA.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|June 19, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Heat therapy, or hyperthermia, offers a promising cancer treatment. Recent advances allow precise heat delivery to tumors, but the exact mechanisms of heat-induced cell death require further investigation.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Heat has been historically used to treat diseases, including cancer.
  • Tumor cells, particularly those with activated oncogenes like Ras, show increased sensitivity to heat.
  • Selective heat delivery to tumors in situ was a major historical limitation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on heat shock-induced apoptosis initiation.
  • To propose future research directions for understanding heat-induced cell death mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on hyperthermia and apoptosis.
  • Discussion of novel approaches for targeted heat delivery, such as heated nanoparticles.

Main Results:

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Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
09:18

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

Published on: December 27, 2016

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
12:17

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Published on: August 12, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis
12:55

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis

Published on: February 16, 2015

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
09:18

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

Published on: December 27, 2016

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
12:17

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Published on: August 12, 2018

  • Spontaneous tumor remission observed in patients with feverish infections.
  • Expression of activated oncogenes enhances tumor cell sensitivity to heat.
  • Advancements in nanoparticle technology enable more precise hyperthermia treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Hyperthermia is becoming a more clinically viable cancer treatment option.
  • The precise mechanisms of heat shock-induced apoptosis remain an active area of research.
  • Further investigation is needed to fully elucidate heat-induced cell death pathways.