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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

New insights into thyroid hormone action.

Alexis Oetting1, Paul M Yen

  • 1Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|June 19, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormones (THs) impact cellular functions via thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). Understanding these diverse signaling pathways may lead to targeted therapies for metabolic conditions without hyperthyroid side effects.

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A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function
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A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function

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Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
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In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function
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A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones (THs) are crucial regulators of cellular development, growth, and metabolism.
  • THs exert their effects by binding to thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), specifically TRalpha and TRbeta, which are part of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying TH-regulated transcription.
  • To explore the non-genomic, rapid effects of THs.
  • To identify potential therapeutic strategies targeting TR isoforms or specific signaling pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Examination of co-activator and co-repressor roles in TH-mediated gene transcription.
  • Investigation of histone acetylation modifications.
  • Analysis of rapid, non-transcriptional signaling pathways initiated by THs.

Main Results:

  • Characterization of molecular mechanisms involving co-activators and co-repressors in TH-regulated transcription.
  • Identification of rapid, extranuclear cellular effects of THs.
  • Evidence for diverse signaling systems and receptors mediating TH functions.

Conclusions:

  • THs regulate cellular functions through multiple receptors and diverse signaling systems.
  • Targeted therapies focusing on specific TR isoforms or pathways hold promise for treating metabolic disorders like obesity and high cholesterol, potentially minimizing hyperthyroidism side effects.