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Related Concept Videos

The Nernst Equation02:59

The Nernst Equation

Nonstandard Reaction Conditions
The interconnection between standard cell potentials and various thermodynamic parameters such as the standard free energy change ΔG° and equilibrium constant K has been previously explored. For example, a redox reaction involving zinc(II) and tin(II) ions at 1 M concentration with Eºcell = +0.291 V and ΔG° = −56.2 kJ is spontaneous.
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the others.
Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)01:06

Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)

Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...
Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure to...
The Delta-to-Delta Circuit01:17

The Delta-to-Delta Circuit

In a delta-delta configuration, the source and the load are connected in a delta manner, forming a closed loop that divides the network into three distinct phases. This configuration makes the phase voltages identical to line voltages. Assuming the sources are in positive sequence, the phase voltages can be expressed directly without having a neutral wire.
The Delta-to-Y Circuit01:16

The Delta-to-Y Circuit

In the delta-wye circuit, the source is delta-connected, while the load is in a wye configuration. This means that the phase voltage of the delta-connected source is equal to the line voltage of the wye-connected load. The connection between two-line currents originates from the delta-connected source. The phase difference in the balanced system allows for calculating one line current given the other, utilizing the positive sequence of phases. In the delta-wye system, the phase currents in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Studying the Neural Basis of Adaptive Locomotor Behavior in Insects
10:19

Studying the Neural Basis of Adaptive Locomotor Behavior in Insects

Published on: April 13, 2011

All roads lead to IKKepsilon.

Reuven Agami1

  • 1Division of Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands. r.agami@nki.nl

Cell
|June 19, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The study identifies IKBKE, encoding IKKepsilon in the NF-kappaB pathway, as a breast cancer oncogene. This finding stems from extensive genetic analysis of epithelial malignancies.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Epithelial malignancies are characterized by extensive genetic alterations.
  • The NF-kappaB pathway plays a crucial role in cellular processes, including cancer development.

Discussion:

  • Boehm et al. (2007) employed three complementary genetic approaches to investigate genetic alterations in epithelial cancers.
  • These methods allowed for the identification of key genes involved in oncogenesis.

Key Insights:

  • The gene IKBKE, encoding IKKepsilon, was identified as a significant breast cancer oncogene.
  • IKKepsilon is a critical component of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway.

Outlook:

  • Further research into IKKepsilon's role could reveal new therapeutic targets for breast cancer.
  • Understanding the genetic landscape of epithelial malignancies is vital for advancing cancer treatment.