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Related Concept Videos

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps01:34

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps

The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...
ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps01:30

ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps

V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma membranes of a few specialized eukaryotic cells, and some prokaryotes. They are also known as the V1Vo-ATPase, that couple ATP hydrolysis to transport protons against a concentration gradient.
The peripheral or cytosolic V1 domain with eight subunits is involved in ATP hydrolysis. The integral or transmembrane V0 domain containing at least five subunits...
Pumped Concrete01:13

Pumped Concrete

Concrete in large quantities can be pumped across long distances for placing in inaccessible sites. This system comprises a hopper that receives concrete from a mixer, a pump to propel the concrete, and pipelines that facilitate its delivery.
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Blood Flow01:29

Blood Flow

Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.
Application of Pascal's Law01:03

Application of Pascal's Law

Pascal's experimentally proven observations—that a change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid and to the walls of its container—provide the foundations for hydraulics, one of the most important developments in modern mechanical technology.
Hydraulic systems are used to operate automotive brakes, hydraulic jacks, and numerous other mechanical systems. We can derive a relationship between the forces in a simple hydraulic system by applying...
Autoregulation of Blood Flow01:17

Autoregulation of Blood Flow

Autoregulation mechanisms are characterized by their inherent capacity for self-regulation without necessitating specific nervous stimulation or endocrine control. These mechanisms facilitate the adjustment of blood flow and, therefore, perfusion specific to each tissue region. This self-regulation encompasses chemical signals and myogenic controls.
Chemical Signaling in Autoregulation
Chemical signaling operates at the precapillary sphincter level, inciting either contraction or relaxation.

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Pneumococcus Infection of Primary Human Endothelial Cells in Constant Flow
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Pulsatile blood pump with a linear drive actuator.

Kazuyoshi Fukunaga1, Akihiko Homma, Akio Funakubo

  • 1Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Science, Kyorin University, 476 Miyashitacho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-8508, Japan. fukunaga@kyorin-u.ac.jp

Journal of Artificial Organs : the Official Journal of the Japanese Society for Artificial Organs
|June 19, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study developed a novel implantable left ventricular assist system (LVAS) using a direct-electromagnetic linear actuator. The device successfully supported a goat for 42 days, demonstrating its potential for heart failure treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Cardiovascular Devices
  • Medical Technology

Background:

  • Heart failure necessitates advanced mechanical circulatory support.
  • Existing ventricular assist systems (VAS) face challenges like complex mechanisms and power transmission.
  • Development of compact, efficient, and reliable implantable assist devices is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate an implantable direct-electromagnetic left ventricular assist system (LVAS) driven by a linear actuator.
  • To assess the performance and durability of the linear LVAS prototype in a long-term animal study.

Main Methods:

  • Designed a pulsatile pump with a pusher plate directly driven by a linear oscillatory actuator (LOA), eliminating movement converters.
  • Implemented a full-fill/full-eject control algorithm and a mechanism to prevent pump choking.
  • Conducted a 42-day chronic animal experiment using a goat model (56 kg) to evaluate the linear LVAS.

Main Results:

  • The prototype linear LVAS (100 mm diameter, 50 mm thickness, 740 g) operated without electrical or mechanical failures during the experiment.
  • The device successfully supported a goat for 42 days, demonstrating sustained hemodynamic assistance.
  • Experiment termination was due to thrombus formation within the pump; no frictional debris was observed around the LOA.

Conclusions:

  • The developed implantable direct-electromagnetic linear LVAS shows promise as a reliable cardiac support device.
  • Further optimization is needed to address thrombus formation and enhance long-term biocompatibility.
  • The linear actuator design proved robust, indicating potential for future ventricular assist device development.