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Related Concept Videos

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems01:18

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) enable the controlled release of drugs across the skin into systemic circulation. They are particularly advantageous for drugs with short half-lives or narrow therapeutic indices, as they maintain consistent plasma concentrations and reduce the risk of subtherapeutic or toxic levels.TDDS are categorized into monolithic, reservoir, and mixed systems. Monolithic systems embed the drug in a polymer matrix, where diffusion governs release. Reservoir systems...
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs through the...
Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport01:17

Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport

Pore transport and ion-pair formation are critical mechanisms for the absorption and distribution of drugs in the body.
Pore transport, also known as convective transport, is a process where small molecules like urea, water, and sugars rapidly cross cell membranes as though there were channels or pores in the membrane. Although direct microscopic evidence is limited  but the concept of pores or channels is widely accepted based on physiological evidence. Despite the lack of direct microscopic...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Stimuli-Activated01:30

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Stimuli-Activated

Stimuli-activated drug delivery systems are designed to release drugs in response to specific physical, chemical, or biological stimuli. These systems often utilize hydrogels—three-dimensional, hydrophilic polymer networks capable of swelling in aqueous environments and retaining significant fluid volumes. Upon exposure to particular stimuli, these hydrogels undergo structural transitions that allow the embedded drug to be released. Due to this adaptive behavior, such systems are also called...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted01:24

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted

Site-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity and treatment costs. Unlike conventional methods, these systems ensure precise drug delivery, improving bioavailability and reducing side effects. Targeted drug delivery is classified into three levels. First-order targeting directs drugs to the capillary beds of specific organs or tissues. Second-order targets specific cell types, such as tumor cells, using receptor-mediated interactions.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration
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Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration

Published on: July 31, 2013

A unique iontophoretic patch for optimal transdermal delivery of sumatriptan.

Steven J Siegel1, Carol O'Neill, Louise M Dubé

  • 1Division of Neuropsychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Translational Research Laboratories, 125 S. 31st St. Rm. 2223, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. siegels@mail.med.upenn.edu

Pharmaceutical Research
|June 20, 2007
PubMed
Summary

A novel iontophoretic sumatriptan patch (NP101) demonstrated good tolerability and maintained therapeutic plasma levels for over 7 hours. This electrical current-driven system offers a promising alternative for migraine treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Drug Delivery
  • Neurology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Migraine affects 10% of the global adult population.
  • Current sumatriptan delivery methods include subcutaneous injection and oral tablets.
  • Novel drug delivery systems are needed to improve patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the pharmacokinetic and safety profile of NP101, a novel iontophoretic sumatriptan delivery system.
  • To compare NP101 to subcutaneous and oral sumatriptan formulations.
  • To evaluate the dose-current relationship for iontophoretic sumatriptan delivery.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized, single-center, single-dose, six-period Phase I study.
  • Four prototype iontophoretic sumatriptan patch conditions were tested.
  • Comparison was made against 6 mg subcutaneous injection and 50 mg oral sumatriptan succinate.

Main Results:

  • Iontophoretic sumatriptan patches (NP101) were well tolerated, with fewer adverse events than subcutaneous injection.
  • Localized sensations at the patch site were the most common adverse events for NP101.
  • Patches delivering 6 and 12 mA/h maintained sumatriptan plasma levels >10 ng/mL for over 7 hours.

Conclusions:

  • The study defined the human dose-current relationship for iontophoretic sumatriptan delivery.
  • Specific current and current density targets were identified for a well-tolerated patch.
  • NP101 demonstrated the potential for longer therapeutic drug delivery compared to existing methods.