Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Bonding and Strength of Aggregate

Bonding and Strength of Aggregate

The bond between aggregate particles and the cement matrix is significantly influenced by the shape and surface texture of the aggregates. High-strength concretes benefit from a rougher texture, which leads to stronger bonding due to greater adhesion. Angular aggregates with larger surface areas also enhance this bond. The bonding quality, however, is complex to assess as no universally accepted test exists. Good bonding is indicated when a crushed concrete specimen shows some aggregate...

Chemical Bonds

Chemical Bonds

Atoms participate in a chemical bond formation to acquire a completed valence-shell electron configuration similar to that of the noble gas nearest to it in atomic number. Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds are some of the important types of chemical bonds. Bond energy and bond length determine the strength of a chemical bond.
Types of Chemical Bonds
An ionic bond is formed due to electrostatic attraction between cations and anions. Often, the ions are formed by the transfer of electrons from...

Fixation and Sectioning

Fixation and Sectioning

Two basic types of preparation are used to visualize specimens with a light microscope: wet mounts and fixed specimens.
The simplest type of preparation is the wet mount, in which the specimen is placed in a drop of liquid on the slide. A liquid specimen can be directly deposited on the slide using a dropper. Solid specimens, such as skin scraping, can be placed on the slide before adding a drop of liquid to prepare the wet mount. Sometimes the liquid is simply water, but stains are often added...

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, that is, the energy necessary to separate the bonded atoms. Separating any pair of bonded atoms requires energy — the stronger a bond, the greater the energy required to break it.

Strength of Cement

Strength of Cement

Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
For compressive strength tests, ASTM C 109-05 standards prescribe a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485 for making 2-inch cubes. These cubes are mixed, cast, and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. Flexural strength testing, outlined in ASTM C...

Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Analysis of orthodontic aligner biocompatibility: leachable compounds of different aligner materials.

Biomedizinische Technik. Biomedical engineering·2025

Same author

An analysis of initial force and moment delivery of different aligner materials.

Biomedizinische Technik. Biomedical engineering·2025

Same author

Accuracy of Palatal Orthodontic Mini-Implants Placed Using Fully Digital Planned Insertion Guides: A Cadaver Study.

Journal of clinical medicine·2023

Same author

Evaluation of expansion forces of five pure bone-borne maxillary expander designs anchored with orthodontic mini-implants: An in vitro study.

Journal of orthodontics·2023

Same author

A new method for successful indirect bonding in relation to bond strength.

Biomedizinische Technik. Biomedical engineering·2022

Same author

Retrospective 25-year follow-up of treatment outcomes in Angle Class III patients : Success versus failure.

Journal of orofacial orthopedics = Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie : Organ/official journal Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Kieferorthopadie·2017

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Standard Test Method ASTM D 7998-19 for the Cohesive Strength Development of Wood Adhesives

Standard Test Method ASTM D 7998-19 for the Cohesive Strength Development of Wood Adhesives

Published on: May 17, 2020

Comparison of bond strength using various fixation methods.

Helmut H Droschl¹, Brigitte Wendl

¹Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Graz, Graz, Austria.

World Journal of Orthodontics

|June 22, 2007

Summary

Formaldehyde fixation best preserves tooth enamel bond strength for orthodontic bracket placement. Teeth stored in formaldehyde showed bond strength closest to freshly extracted teeth, unlike thymol solutions.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Standard Test Method ASTM D 7998-19 for the Cohesive Strength Development of Wood Adhesives

Standard Test Method ASTM D 7998-19 for the Cohesive Strength Development of Wood Adhesives

Published on: May 17, 2020

Area of Science:

Dental Materials Science
Orthodontic Research
Biomaterials

Background:

Proper tooth storage is crucial for maintaining enamel properties.
Enamel surface integrity affects orthodontic bracket bond strength.
Previous storage methods may compromise bond strength.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the effectiveness of different storage solutions for extracted teeth.
To evaluate the impact of storage solutions on enamel surface and bracket bond strength.
To determine optimal storage conditions for orthodontic procedures.

Main Methods:

Extracted teeth were stored in various solutions.
Shear bond strength testing using an Instron machine (0.5 mm/min feed rate).
Statistical analysis included ANOVA and Tukey HSD post-hoc tests (P < .05).

Main Results:

Formaldehyde fixation resulted in bond strength closest to freshly extracted teeth.
Thymol storage significantly reduced bond strength compared to fresh teeth (P = .02).
Formaldehyde offers superior preservation of enamel for bonding.

Conclusions:

Formaldehyde solution is recommended for tooth storage to maintain optimal bond strength.
Thymol solution negatively impacts enamel bond strength.
Storage method significantly influences the success of orthodontic bracket adhesion.