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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm
09:49

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Published on: December 24, 2015

Cassie and Wenzel: were they really so wrong?

G McHale1

  • 1School of Biomedical & Natural Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, UK. glen.mchale@ntu.ac.uk

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|June 22, 2007
PubMed
Summary

The Cassie-Baxter and Wenzel equations for superhydrophobic surfaces are not wrong but have defined applicability limits. Generalizing these models helps interpret experimental data on surfaces with defects.

Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • The Cassie-Baxter and Wenzel equations are foundational for understanding superhydrophobic surface properties.
  • Recent studies have challenged the validity of these equations, citing experimental evidence.
  • This work re-examines the theoretical underpinnings of these widely used models.

Discussion:

  • The paper argues that the Cassie-Baxter and Wenzel equations possess inherent assumptions limiting their direct application.
  • These models can be generalized to accommodate surfaces with spatially varying defect distributions.
  • The relationship between theoretical models and experimental data is discussed, emphasizing minimum energy principles.

Key Insights:

  • The roughness parameter and surface area fractions are local quantities defined at the droplet perimeter.

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  • Generalized versions of the Cassie-Baxter and Wenzel equations are derived for surfaces with defects.
  • The three-phase contact line, not necessarily the droplet perimeter, is crucial for determining contact angles on superhydrophobic surfaces.

    • Outlook:

    • Further research can explore the implications of localized parameters for superhydrophobic surface design.
    • The generalized models offer a refined framework for predicting wetting behavior.
    • Understanding the role of the three-phase contact line is key for advanced applications of superhydrophobic materials.