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Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.

Arteries of Lower Limbs

Arteries of Lower Limbs

The external iliac artery transitions out of the body cavity, entering the femoral region of the lower leg, and is renamed the femoral artery at the point where it traverses the body wall. This artery is responsible for the distribution of blood to the thigh's deep muscles and the skin's ventral and lateral regions, achieved through several minor branches and the lateral deep femoral artery, which also spawns a lateral circumflex artery. The knee area receives blood from the genicular artery,...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...

Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Murine Flexor Tendon Injury and Repair Surgery

Murine Flexor Tendon Injury and Repair Surgery

Published on: September 19, 2016

Fibularis tertius: revisiting the anatomy.

K Rourke¹, H Dafydd, I G Parkin

¹Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.)

|June 23, 2007

Summary

The fibularis tertius muscle, crucial for reconstructive surgery, most often inserts into both the fourth and fifth metatarsals, contrary to traditional anatomical descriptions. This finding impacts surgical planning and anatomical understanding.

Area of Science:

Anatomy
Surgical Reconstruction

Background:

The fibularis tertius (FT) muscle is recognized for its potential utility in reconstructive surgery and muscle transposition.
Existing anatomical literature typically describes the fibularis tertius tendon inserting solely onto the fifth metatarsal bone.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the anatomical variations of the fibularis tertius muscle, including its origin, insertion, and innervation.
To provide accurate anatomical data for the fibularis tertius to inform surgical practices and update anatomical knowledge.

Main Methods:

Dissection and morphometric analysis of the fibularis tertius muscle in 41 human cadavers (82 lower limbs).
Detailed examination of muscle belly dimensions, tendon characteristics, origin size, tendon insertion points, and neurovascular supply.

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Collection of Skeletal Muscle Biopsies from the Superior Compartment of Human Musculus Tibialis Anterior for Mechanical Evaluation

Collection of Skeletal Muscle Biopsies from the Superior Compartment of Human Musculus Tibialis Anterior for Mechanical Evaluation

Published on: September 27, 2020

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Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

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The Fibular Nerve Injury Method: A Reliable Assay to Identify and Test Factors That Repair Neuromuscular Junctions

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Collection of Skeletal Muscle Biopsies from the Superior Compartment of Human Musculus Tibialis Anterior for Mechanical Evaluation

Collection of Skeletal Muscle Biopsies from the Superior Compartment of Human Musculus Tibialis Anterior for Mechanical Evaluation

Published on: September 27, 2020

Comparison of observed anatomical features with established textbook descriptions.

Main Results:

The fibularis tertius muscle was absent in 6.1% of the examined lower limbs.
Significant inter- and intra-individual variations were noted in the size of the muscle's origin on the fibula.
In all observed cases, the fibularis tertius tendon inserted onto the dorsal surfaces of both the fourth and fifth metatarsals, with consistent innervation from the deep fibular nerve.

Conclusions:

The fibularis tertius tendon commonly inserts onto both the fourth and fifth metatarsals, challenging the traditional anatomical description.
This study's findings necessitate an update to anatomical textbooks regarding the typical insertion pattern of the fibularis tertius.
Accurate anatomical knowledge of the fibularis tertius is vital for successful reconstructive surgery and muscle transposition procedures.