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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo
08:29

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

Published on: October 30, 2014

Spatio-temporal specification of olfactory bulb interneurons.

Serena Bovetti1, Paolo Peretto, Aldo Fasolo

  • 1Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Turin 10123, Italy.

Journal of Molecular Histology
|June 26, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Olfactory bulb interneurons are continuously generated and diverse. Specific transcription factors and cues regulate their production and fate determination during development and adulthood.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons are continuously generated throughout life.
  • These interneurons are crucial for olfactory information processing by modulating principal neuron activity.
  • Interneuron diversity in OB circuits presents a challenge for understanding their specification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on molecular mechanisms regulating OB interneuron production and diversity.
  • To discuss the roles of intrinsic and extrinsic cues in OB interneuron fate determination.
  • To highlight the importance of spatial and temporal parameters in OB interneuron development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on OB interneuron development.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms, including transcription factor expression.
  • Examination of spatial and temporal regulation of neurogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Continuous neurogenesis of OB interneurons occurs from distinct progenitor zones.
  • Specific transcription factors are key regulators of progenitor identity and interneuron phenotypes.
  • Both intrinsic cellular properties and extrinsic environmental cues influence OB interneuron fate.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding OB interneuron specification requires considering both intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
  • Transcription factor expression is critical for defining progenitor regions and interneuron subtypes.
  • Spatial and temporal dynamics are essential for regulating the production and diversity of OB interneurons.