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Mitochondria

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...

Mitochondria

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...

Adult Stem Cells

Adult Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously renew...

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria. In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...

Mitochondrial Membranes

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...

Mitochondrial Membranes

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: June 17, 2008

Mitochondria in stem cells.

Thomas Lonergan¹, Barry Bavister, Carol Brenner

¹Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA. tlonera@uno.edu

|June 26, 2007

Summary

Mitochondrial properties like location and energy production are key to maintaining stem cell characteristics and guiding differentiation across species and developmental stages. Understanding these mitochondrial roles is crucial for stem cell research.

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Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Mitochondrial Biology
Stem Cell Science

Background:

Mitochondria play critical roles in cellular energy metabolism and homeostasis.
Stem cells possess unique properties, including self-renewal and differentiation potential.
The interplay between mitochondria and stem cell characteristics is an emerging area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current knowledge on mitochondrial properties in embryonic, adult, and precursor stem cells from mouse, monkey, and human.
To discuss the relationship between mitochondrial features and stem cell maintenance and differentiation.
To highlight the significance of mitochondrial DNA and its regulatory proteins in stem cells.

Main Methods:

Literature review and synthesis of existing research findings.
Comparative analysis of mitochondrial properties across different species and stem cell types.
Discussion of key mitochondrial parameters such as localization, oxygen consumption, and ATP content.

Main Results:

Mitochondrial localization patterns, particularly perinuclear arrangement, may be a hallmark of stem cells.
Oxygen consumption and ATP levels correlate with stem cell maintenance and differentiation capacity.
Mitochondrial DNA expression and potential mutations are relevant to stem cell genome integrity.

Conclusions:

Mitochondrial properties are integral to defining and regulating stem cell behavior.
Further investigation into mitochondrial dynamics and genetics can elucidate stem cell fate.
Understanding these mitochondrial-stem cell interactions is vital for regenerative medicine and disease modeling.