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Blood Typing

Blood Typing

Understanding an individual's blood group is a critical component of transfusion medicine. It ensures compatibility in blood transfusions, organ transplants, and even during pregnancy. Determining these blood groups involves the ABO and Rh blood typing systems, utilizing specific antigens and corresponding anti-sera to identify an individual's blood type.
Antigens are protein molecules that reside on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). The ABO and Rh blood typing systems target antigens A,...

Blood Types

Blood Types

Human blood is classified into different types based on the presence of antigens on the red blood cell's surface and antibodies in the plasma. Proper identification of blood type is essential for successful blood transfusion. The International Society of Blood Transfusion has identified 38 human blood types based on the surface antigens on the red blood cells. The most common types are ABO, Rh, and MNS blood types.
ABO blood group
ABO antigens are glycoproteins encoded by genes present on...

Rh Blood Group

Rh Blood Group

The Rhesus (Rh) antigen is crucial in determining blood groups and ensuring compatibility during blood transfusions.

Fetal Circulation

Fetal Circulation

Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...

The ABO Blood Group

The ABO Blood Group

The ABO blood group system is a critical element of transfusion medicine, essential for determining blood compatibility in transfusions and organ transplants. It is based on specific antigens, or agglutinogens, present on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) and corresponding antibodies, or agglutinins, in the blood plasma.
Antigens in the ABO Blood Group System
Antigens are substances that can trigger an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies. In the ABO blood group system,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Microsatellite DNA Genotyping and Flow Cytometry Ploidy Analyses of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Hydatidiform Molar Tissues

Microsatellite DNA Genotyping and Flow Cytometry Ploidy Analyses of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Hydatidiform Molar Tissues

Published on: October 20, 2019

Fetal blood group genotyping.

Gregory A Denomme¹, Bernard J Fernandes

¹Research and Development, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, Canada. greg.denomme@blood.ca

|July 31, 2007

Summary

Fetal blood group genotyping identifies fetuses at risk for hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). This method aids in managing pregnancies, with fetal DNA in maternal plasma expected to advance RHD testing.

Area of Science:

Genetics
Immunology
Obstetrics

Background:

Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) is a significant concern in pregnancy.
Maternal red cell alloantibodies can pose risks to fetal development.
Accurate fetal blood group identification is crucial for managing HDFN risk.

Purpose of the Study:

To outline key considerations for fetal blood group genotyping.
To emphasize the importance of genetic analysis in predicting fetal phenotype.
To highlight the benefits of identifying antigen-negative fetuses for HDFN management.

Main Methods:

Establishing paternal heterozygosity, including RHD hemizygosity testing.
Careful selection of fetal tissue for DNA extraction.

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FISH for Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis

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Microsatellite DNA Genotyping and Flow Cytometry Ploidy Analyses of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Hydatidiform Molar Tissues

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FISH for Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis

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Utilizing comprehensive blood group genetics and parental data to identify variant alleles.

Confirming inheritance through evaluation of blood group antigen expression at birth.

Main Results:

Fetal blood group genotyping accurately predicts fetal phenotype.
Identification of antigen-negative fetuses offers advantages in managing HDFN.
Parental genotype and phenotype analysis aids in variant allele identification.

Conclusions:

Fetal blood group genotyping is a valuable tool for identifying fetuses at risk of HDFN.
Future advancements may involve using fetal DNA from maternal plasma, particularly for RHD.
Challenges persist in detecting other clinically significant blood group antigens via maternal plasma DNA.