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Related Concept Videos

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
05:12

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Published on: May 12, 2023

Profound hypocalcaemia associated with bilateral cataracts post-total thyroidectomy.

Danielle B Freedman1, Natalie Smith, David Housley

  • 1Department of Chemical Pathology, Luton & Dunstable Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Lewsey Road, Luton, UK.

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry
|June 28, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Hypocalcaemia, a rare primary care presentation, can occur years after thyroidectomy, leading to complications like cataracts. Monitoring serum calcium post-thyroidectomy is crucial for early detection and management.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
05:12

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Published on: May 12, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Ophthalmology
  • General Medicine

Background:

  • Profound hypocalcaemia is an infrequent presentation in primary care settings.
  • Total thyroidectomy is a common surgical procedure with potential long-term complications.
  • Chronic hypocalcaemia can lead to significant health issues if left unmanaged.

Observation:

  • A case study details a patient presenting with hypocalcaemia four years post-total thyroidectomy.
  • The patient developed bilateral cataracts, a long-term complication of untreated chronic hypocalcaemia.
  • This highlights the potential for delayed complications even years after the initial surgery.

Findings:

  • Long-term complications of chronic hypocalcaemia, such as cataracts, are uncommon but can occur.
  • Persistent hypocalcaemia following thyroidectomy requires vigilant monitoring.
  • Serum calcium levels are critical indicators for patients with a history of thyroid surgery.

Implications:

  • Routine monitoring of serum calcium levels in patients post-thyroidectomy is essential.
  • Ophthalmologists should consider measuring serum calcium in patients with cataracts and a history of thyroid surgery.
  • This case underscores the importance of long-term follow-up for endocrine surgical patients to prevent severe complications.