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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Body Temperature01:28

Factors Affecting Body Temperature

As a nurse, it is vital to understand the factors affecting body temperature to monitor variations and effectively evaluate deviations from regular.
Factors may  include:
Assessing Body Temperature - Tympanic membrane01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Tympanic membrane

Assessing tympanic membrane temperature involves using a tympanic membrane thermometer (TMT). Here is a step-by-step guide:
Step 1: Begin by practicing good hand hygiene to prevent the transmission of microorganisms.
Step 2: Turn on the thermometer and wait until the ready sign appears on the screen to ensure accurate measurement.
Step 3: Slide the probe cover in place to prevent cross-contamination.
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Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
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Increased Body Temperature01:25

Increased Body Temperature

A body temperature above  38°C  (100.4 °F) is known as fever or pyrexia, and a person with fever is termed 'febrile.' Typically, the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that acts as the body's thermostat, regulates body temperature through a thermoregulatory setpoint. It receives signals from cold and warm thermal receptors throughout the body and adjusts the body's temperature accordingly. Fever occurs when this hypothalamic setpoint is altered, usually in response to an infection or illness.
Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

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Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
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Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla01:14

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Radio frequency-induced temperature elevations in the human head considering small anatomical structures.

G Schmid1, R Uberbacher, T Samaras

  • 1Austrian Research Centers GmbH-ARC, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria. gernot.schmid@arcs.ac.at

Radiation Protection Dosimetry
|June 28, 2007
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Summary

Numerical models show radio frequency (RF) exposure from handsets causes minimal temperature rise in the eye and inner ear. Deep tissues are more affected by reduced perfusion and pulsed irradiation.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Computational Electromagnetics
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Accurate radio frequency (RF) dosimetry is crucial for assessing health risks associated with mobile devices.
  • Understanding RF-induced temperature elevations in sensitive organs like the eye and inner ear requires high-resolution modeling.
  • Existing head models often lack the necessary detail for precise dosimetry in these specific regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop high-resolution numerical models of the human eye, inner ear, and pineal gland for detailed RF dosimetry.
  • To compute RF-induced temperature elevations in these organs under various handset exposure scenarios.
  • To investigate the influence of tissue perfusion and pulsed irradiation on temperature changes.

Main Methods:

  • Development of 0.1 mm resolution numerical models of the human eye, inner ear, and pineal gland.
  • Integration of these models into a standard commercial head model.
  • Finite-difference time domain (FDTD) computations using generic handset models at 400, 900, and 1850 MHz.
  • Simulation of typical and worst-case exposure conditions, including reduced tissue perfusion and pulsed irradiation.

Main Results:

  • Highly heterogeneous specific absorption rate (SAR) distributions and SAR peaks were observed within the inner ear structures.
  • RF-induced temperature elevations in the inner ear remained below 0.1 degrees C for typical handheld device power levels.
  • Frontal exposure resulted in maximum eye temperature elevations of approximately 0.2-0.6 degrees C.
  • Reduced tissue perfusion and pulsed irradiation significantly impacted temperature elevations in deep tissues compared to superficial ones.

Conclusions:

  • High-resolution models enable detailed RF dosimetry and temperature elevation computations in critical head structures.
  • Typical RF exposure from handheld devices is unlikely to cause significant temperature increases in the eye or inner ear.
  • Factors like tissue perfusion and irradiation type (pulsed) are important considerations for deep-tissue thermal effects.