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Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...

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Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery

Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery

Published on: August 17, 2022

MR imaging of the spinal bone marrow.

Michael A Tall¹, Adrianne K Thompson, Talia Vertinsky

¹Department of Radiology, David Grant Medical Center, 101 Bodin Circle, Travis Air Force Base, CA 94535, USA. michael.tall@travis.af.mil

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America

|June 30, 2007

Summary

Interpreting spine magnetic resonance (MR) imaging requires careful bone marrow evaluation. Newer MR techniques aim to improve diagnostic accuracy for spine abnormalities, distinguishing benign from malignant or infectious conditions.

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Intravital Longitudinal Imaging of Vascular Dynamics in the Calvarial Bone Marrow

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Published on: April 11, 2025

Area of Science:

Radiology
Medical Imaging
Spine Imaging

Background:

Spine bone marrow evaluation is crucial for MR imaging interpretation.
Bone marrow appearance varies with age and is affected by various conditions like infections, inflammation, metabolic disorders, and neoplasms.
Degenerative disc disease, trauma, and iatrogenic therapies (e.g., vertebroplasty, radiation) also alter bone marrow appearance.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the importance of bone marrow evaluation in spine MR imaging.
To discuss the challenges in interpreting spine bone marrow due to its variable appearance.
To explore the role of advanced MR imaging techniques in improving diagnostic accuracy.

Main Methods:

Review of conventional MR imaging sequences for spine bone marrow.
Investigation of newer MR imaging techniques, including diffusion weighting and opposed-phase sequences.
Analysis of factors influencing bone marrow appearance on MR imaging.

Main Results:

Bone marrow appearance on spine MR imaging is influenced by patient age, pathological processes, and iatrogenic factors.
Conventional MR sequences may not always suffice for definitive diagnosis.
Emerging techniques show promise in enhancing diagnostic capabilities.

Conclusions:

Accurate interpretation of spine MR imaging necessitates thorough bone marrow assessment.
Differentiating benign from malignant and infectious processes in spine bone marrow remains a diagnostic challenge.
Advanced MR imaging techniques are under investigation to improve diagnostic accuracy and differentiation of spinal bone marrow abnormalities.