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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
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Published on: June 22, 2016

Naturally occurring self-reactive CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells: universal immune code.

Nafiseh Pakravan1, Agheel Tabar Molla Hassan, Zuhair Muhammad Hassan

  • 1Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. npakravan@modares.ac.ir

Cellular & Molecular Immunology
|July 3, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial for self-tolerance. Our findings suggest self-reactive Treg cells and their T cell receptors (TCRs) recognize shared self-antigens, forming a "universal immune code" for healthy individuals.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • T cell biology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are vital for maintaining self-tolerance.
  • Factors influencing Treg cell development, including costimulatory molecules and antigen encounter context, are not fully understood.
  • Treg cells exhibit antigen-specific tolerance induction across various conditions like transplantation and autoimmunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of self-reactive Treg cells in maintaining bodily integrity.
  • To hypothesize the existence of shared self-antigens recognized by Treg cells across healthy individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of T cell receptors (TCRs) from Treg cells and CD4(+)CD25(-) cells.
  • Review of existing literature on Treg cell function in tolerance induction.

Main Results:

  • Treg cells demonstrate higher avidity for self-antigens compared to non-regulatory T cells.
  • Peripheral antigen exposure is necessary for Treg cell development, maintenance, and expansion.
  • Self-reactive Treg cells play a critical role in antigen-specific tolerance.

Conclusions:

  • Self-reactive Treg cells are likely shared among healthy individuals.
  • These Treg cells recognize common self-antigens, potentially defining a "universal immune code" for each organ and overall health.