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Related Concept Videos

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
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Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Methodology for Accurate Detection of Mitochondrial DNA Methylation
12:11

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Published on: May 20, 2018

The Genographic Project public participation mitochondrial DNA database.

Doron M Behar, Saharon Rosset, Jason Blue-Smith

    Plos Genetics
    |July 3, 2007
    PubMed
    Summary

    The Genographic Project created the largest human mitochondrial DNA database from public participants. This enables a superior method for predicting genetic haplogroups using HVS-I motifs.

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    Area of Science:

    • Anthropological Genetics
    • Population Genetics
    • Human Migration Studies

    Background:

    • The Genographic Project aims to study ancient human migrations using genetic data.
    • Public participation is integral, with individuals submitting samples for analysis.
    • A key objective is to build a comprehensive, open-source genetic database.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To report on the initial 18 months of public engagement in the Genographic Project.
    • To detail the creation of the largest standardized human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) database.
    • To introduce a novel, more accurate method for mtDNA haplogroup prediction.

    Main Methods:

    • Collected 78,590 human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genotypes from public participants.
    • Employed direct sequencing of the mtDNA Hypervariable Segment I (HVS-I).
    • Utilized genotyping of 22 coding-region Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and phylogenetic computational quality checks.

    Main Results:

    • Established the largest standardized human mtDNA database to date.
    • Developed a nearest neighbor-based haplogroup prediction methodology.
    • Demonstrated this new method's superiority over classic rule-based approaches for HVS-I motifs.

    Conclusions:

    • The Genographic Project successfully created a large, informative mtDNA database.
    • The nearest neighbor haplogroup prediction tool offers enhanced accuracy.
    • New resources, including the database and prediction tool, are available to the scientific community and public.