Osmoregulatory response of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) to changes in environmental salinity

The osmoregulatory response of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup 1858) to 14-day exposure and throughout 17-day exposure to different environmental salinities was investigated. A linear relationship was observed between environmental salinity and gill Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity whereas kidney Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity was unaffected. Two osmoregulatory periods could be distinguished according to variations in plasma osmolality: an adjustment period and a chronic regulatory period. No major changes in plasma osmolality and ions levels were registered at the end of the 14- to 17-day exposure period, indicating an efficient adaptation of the osmoregulatory system. Plasma levels of glucose and lactate were elevated in hypersaline water, indicating the importance of these energy substrates in these environments. Glucose was increased during hyper-osmoregulation but only in the adjustment period. Cortisol proved to be a good indicator of chronic stress and stress induced by transfer to the different osmotic conditions. This work shows that S. senegalensis is able to acclimate to different osmotic conditions during short-term exposure.