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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos

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Differences in visual orienting between persons with Down or fragile X syndrome.

Tara Flanagan¹, James T Enns, Melissa M Murphy

¹Department of Educational Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada.

Brain and Cognition

|July 4, 2007

Summary

Children with Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome show delayed voluntary orienting. Reflexive orienting develops with mental age in Down syndrome but not fragile X syndrome.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Psychology
Genetics

Background:

Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome are genetic conditions associated with intellectual disability.
Attentional processes, including voluntary and reflexive orienting, are crucial for cognitive development.
Previous research suggests varying developmental trajectories in individuals with different genetic etiologies of intellectual disability.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare voluntary and reflexive orienting abilities in individuals with Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome.
To investigate the relationship between orienting abilities and mental age (MA) across different etiologies.
To understand the role of rudimentary attentional processes in intellectual disability.

Main Methods:

A reaction time (RT) task was employed to assess orienting abilities.
Participants included individuals with Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome with average MA levels of approximately 4 and 7 years.
Performance on voluntary and reflexive orienting tasks was analyzed.

Main Results:

Both groups exhibited delayed voluntary orienting abilities.
Reflexive orienting appeared to develop in line with MA for individuals with Down syndrome.
Individuals with fragile X syndrome did not show a similar developmental pattern for reflexive orienting.

Conclusions:

Group differences in reflexive orienting highlight the importance of considering specific etiologies in intellectual disability research.
Rudimentary attentional processes contribute significantly to the cognitive profiles of individuals with mental retardation.
Developmental trajectories of orienting abilities differ between Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome, even at similar MA levels.