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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
Anaphase Promoting Complex00:50

Anaphase Promoting Complex

The stepwise destruction of specific proteins is necessary for the progression and completion of the cell cycle. Such proteins are ubiquitinated by ubiquitin ligases and then subsequently destroyed by the proteasome. The SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box) and the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) are two important ubiquitin ligases involved in cell cycle progression. While SCF is active throughout the cell cycle, APC gets activated during metaphase to anaphase transition. Cdc20 or Cdh1 binds to APC and...
Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...

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HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL
07:18

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL

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Human Cdc45 is a proliferation-associated antigen.

S Pollok1, C Bauerschmidt1, J Sänger1

  • 1Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, UK  Institute of Pathology, Bad Berka, Germany  National University of Ireland, Department of Biochemistry, Galway, Ireland Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.

The FEBS Journal
|July 5, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Cell division cycle protein 45 (Cdc45) is crucial for DNA replication. Its absence in non-proliferating cells and higher levels in cancer cells suggest Cdc45 is a promising proliferation marker.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Cell division cycle protein 45 (Cdc45) is essential for DNA replication, ensuring single-copy chromosomal DNA duplication per cell cycle.
  • Understanding Cdc45 expression patterns is key to identifying markers for cell proliferation and cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the expression of human Cdc45 in proliferating versus non-proliferating human cells.
  • To investigate the potential of Cdc45 as a novel proliferation marker in cancer biology.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of human Cdc45 expression in various cell types (proliferating, quiescent, differentiated, senescent).
  • Comparison of Cdc45 protein levels in cancer-derived cells versus primary human cells.
  • Immunohistochemical staining of tumor tissues using Cdc45-specific antibodies.

Main Results:

  • Cdc45 protein is absent in quiescent, terminally differentiated, and senescent human cells but present in proliferating cells.
  • Cdc45 is less abundant than minichromosome maintenance (Mcm) proteins, suggesting rate-limiting origin binding for replication initiation.
  • Cdc45 protein levels are significantly higher in human cancer cells compared to primary cells.
  • Tumor tissues show preferential staining with Cdc45-specific antibodies.

Conclusions:

  • Cdc45 expression is strictly correlated with proliferating cell populations.
  • Cdc45 is a potential novel proliferation marker for cancer research and diagnostics.