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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Quantitative Analyses of all Influenza Type A Viral Hemagglutinins and Neuraminidases using Universal Antibodies in Simple Slot Blot Assays
13:12

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Published on: April 4, 2011

Can a universal influenza immunization program reduce emergency department volume?

Dianne Groll1, Bonnie Henry

  • 1ICU Research Group, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

CJEM
|July 5, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Ontario's universal influenza immunization program did not significantly correlate with emergency department (ED) visits. Despite the program, ED visits increased during influenza season, suggesting limited impact on patient volumes.

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Published on: February 23, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Ontario implemented a universal influenza immunization program in 2000.
  • The program aimed to reduce emergency department (ED) visits and influenza cases.
  • This study evaluated the program's impact on ED volumes in Ontario, Canada.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the correlation between population influenza rates and ED visits.
  • To assess the effectiveness of a universal influenza immunization program on healthcare utilization.
  • To analyze trends in ED visits during influenza seasons before and after program implementation.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective, observational study of 5 tertiary care hospitals in Ontario (1996-2001).
  • Analysis of monthly ED visit data and detailed diagnoses (Kingston).
  • Correlation and regression analyses with provincial/national influenza rates from Health Canada.

Main Results:

  • No significant correlation found between influenza rates and ED volumes (Pearson's r < 0.33).
  • Influenza and acute respiratory diagnoses constituted a small percentage of ED visits (0.34% and 4.4%, respectively).
  • ED visits increased across all sites during the influenza season post-universal immunization campaign.

Conclusions:

  • The universal influenza immunization campaign in Ontario showed no significant impact on ED volumes.
  • Findings suggest that broad immunization programs may not substantially alter emergency healthcare utilization related to influenza.
  • Further research may be needed to explore factors influencing ED visits during influenza seasons.