Related Concept Videos
01:31Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors
Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
02:04Co-activators and Co-repressors
Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
02:04Co-activators and Co-repressors
Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
01:45Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting
Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
02:55The Nucleolus
The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
02:54Nucleosome Remodeling
Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
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10:51
Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists
Published on: November 15, 2013
Nuclear receptor coregulators and human disease.
David M Lonard1, Rainer B Lanz, Bert W O'Malley
1Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
Endocrine Reviews
|July 5, 2007
Summary
Nuclear receptor coregulators are key to gene regulation. Disruptions in these proteins are linked to many human diseases, highlighting their clinical importance.
Area of Science:
- Molecular Biology
- Genetics
- Biochemistry
Background:
- Nuclear receptors (NRs) mediate gene transcription through interactions with coregulator proteins.
- Coregulators, including coactivators and corepressors, are crucial for precise control of NR-mediated transcription.
- Dysregulation of coregulator function can disrupt metabolic processes and lead to pathological conditions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To comprehensively review the literature on nuclear receptor coregulators.
- To elucidate the diverse roles and capabilities of identified coregulators.
- To establish the broad implication of coregulators in human diseases.
Main Methods:
- Conducted a thorough literature survey to identify distinct nuclear receptor coregulators.
Main Results:
- Identified nearly 300 distinct nuclear receptor coregulators.
- Revealed a wide spectrum of enzymatic and regulatory activities among coregulators.
- Substantiated the significant involvement of coregulators in numerous human diseases.
Conclusions:
- Nuclear receptor coregulators possess diverse functions critical for cellular events.
- Coregulator biology is broadly implicated in human pathological states.
- Coregulators represent a growing area of interest for clinical medicine and therapeutic development.