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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are typically...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...

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Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes
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Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes

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Glycaemic control in athletes.

G Lippi1, M Montagnana, G L Salvagno

  • 1Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Istituto di Chimica e Microscopia Clinica, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy. ulippi@tin.it

International Journal of Sports Medicine
|July 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Elite athletes exhibit distinct glycaemic control. Intense training correlates with lower fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and higher glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), indicating unique physiological adaptations in athletes.

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Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes
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Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice
07:35

Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice

Published on: January 26, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Physical activity is crucial for metabolic health, weight management, and preventing chronic diseases.
  • Glycaemic adaptations in elite athletes are not well understood.
  • Assessing glycaemic control markers like FPG and HbA1c is important for athletes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate glycaemic control in professional and elite cyclists.
  • To compare glycaemic markers between athletes and sedentary individuals.
  • To investigate the relationship between exercise intensity and glycaemic control.

Main Methods:

  • Study included 47 professional cyclists, 72 elite cyclists, and 58 sedentary blood donors.
  • Measured fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c).
  • Utilized multiple linear regression to analyze exercise intensity correlations.

Main Results:

  • Sedentary controls had higher FPG (96 mg/dL) than elite (91 mg/dL) and professional cyclists (89 mg/dL).
  • Professional cyclists showed significantly higher HbA1c (5.4%) compared to sedentary individuals (5.2%).
  • Higher exercise intensity inversely correlated with FPG and directly correlated with HbA1c.

Conclusions:

  • Training intensity significantly influences both FPG and HbA1c levels in cyclists.
  • Establishment of workload-specific reference ranges for FPG and HbA1c is necessary.
  • Physiological glycaemic adaptations exist in highly trained athletes.