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Related Concept Videos

Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
Interference and Superposition of Waves01:07

Interference and Superposition of Waves

When two waves of the same nature occur in the same region simultaneously, they result in interference. Interference of waves implies that the net effect of the waves is the sum of the individual waves' effects. However, it does not imply that the individual waves affect the propagation of other waves.
Interference occurs in mechanical waves, such as sound waves, waves on a string, and surface water waves. Mechanical waves correspond to the physical displacement of particles. Hence,...
Propagation of Waves01:07

Propagation of Waves

When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
Consider a scenario where a wave propagates from a string of low linear mass density to a string of high linear mass density. In such a case, the reflected wave is out of phase with respect to the incident wave, however the...
Standing Waves01:17

Standing Waves

Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
Sound Waves: Interference00:53

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
Interference: Path Lengths01:10

Interference: Path Lengths

Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
Two special sources may be considered when they are in phase. This can be easily achieved by feeding the two sources from the same source. An example would be synchronizing the two speakers by feeding them with the same source, such as the sound waves produced by a tuning fork. This setup ensures that the two sources have the same frequency and are...

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Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities
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Published on: November 30, 2012

Spectral properties of the interference head wave.

Jee Woong Choi1, Peter H Dahl

  • 1Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105-6698, USA.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|July 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study analyzes interference head waves in sediments with linear sound speed gradients. The findings clarify wave propagation and spectral behavior, crucial for estimating sediment attenuation from field data.

Area of Science:

  • Acoustics
  • Geophysics
  • Seismology

Background:

  • Interference head waves are critical for understanding seismic wave propagation in layered media.
  • Sediment properties, like sound speed gradients, significantly influence acoustic wave behavior.
  • Accurate characterization of wave propagation is essential for geophysical exploration and remote sensing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the amplitude spectrum of interference head waves in sediments with linear sound speed gradients.
  • To analyze the influence of the parameter zeta on wave propagation and spectral modulation.
  • To provide a framework for estimating sediment attenuation using acoustic field observations.

Main Methods:

  • Analytical construction of a channel transfer function (H1(f)) using a ray approach.

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  • Comparison of ray approach results with wave theory for interference head waves.
  • Utilizing the parabolic wave equation to compute H1(f) indirectly.
  • Presenting examples of amplitude spectra |S(f)| x |H1(f)|.

    • Main Results:

    • For zeta<1, the amplitude spectrum follows |S(f)|/f, where S(f) is the source spectrum.
    • For zeta>1, a complex modulation of S(f) occurs, described by the channel transfer function H1(f).
    • Ray approach results align well with wave theory for zeta >= 2, particularly for fluid-fluid boundaries.
    • The derived amplitude spectrum |S(f)| x |H1(f)| is key for attenuation estimation.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides a detailed understanding of interference head wave propagation in stratified sediments.
    • The channel transfer function H1(f) is a vital component in characterizing acoustic wave behavior.
    • The results facilitate the inversion of sediment attenuation from field observations, improving geophysical analysis.