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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Introduction to the Skeletal System01:20

Introduction to the Skeletal System

The skeletal system is the central framework of the body, consisting of different connective tissues: bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Components of the Skeletal System
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a hard connective tissue that forms an internal support structure for the human body. Bones shield vulnerable organs and soft tissue from external forces. For example, the vertebral bones protect and support the spinal cord.
Cartilage, a semi-rigid connective tissue found in regions such as...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Normal reference for bone density in healthy Chinese children.

Hao Xu1, Jia-Xuan Chen, Jian Gong

  • 1Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. txh@jnu.edu.cn

Journal of Clinical Densitometry : the Official Journal of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry
|July 10, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study established a bone density reference database for Chinese children aged 5-13 years using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The findings provide crucial ethnic- and gender-specific data for accurate skeletal status assessment in pediatric populations.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Bone Densitometry
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Accurate skeletal status assessment in children requires ethnicity- and gender-specific reference data.
  • Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a key tool for measuring bone mineral density (BMD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an ethnicity- and gender-specific normal reference database for bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone area (BA) in Chinese children.
  • To establish reference percentile curves using the LMS method for clinical DXA assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Measured BMD, BMC, and BA using a Lunar Prodigy DXA densitometer in 877 healthy Chinese children (505 boys, 372 girls) aged 5-13 years.
  • Developed height-for-age, BA-for-height, and BMC-for-BA percentile curves using the LMS method.
  • Analyzed correlations between total body and subcranial skeleton measurements, lean mass, and demographic factors.

Main Results:

  • Total body and subcranial skeleton BMD were highly correlated, with total body BMD being significantly higher.
  • No significant gender differences were found in total body or subcranial skeleton BMD.
  • Age explained more variance in subcranial skeleton BMD compared to total body BMD.

Conclusions:

  • An ethnicity- and gender-specific densitometric normal reference database for Chinese children (5-13 years) has been established.
  • This database facilitates appropriate clinical assessment of total body bone density using DXA in this population.
  • The findings highlight the importance of age and height in bone density development.