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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Type 1 Diabetes Research Using Innovative Pancreatic Slice Platforms
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Type 1 Diabetes Research Using Innovative Pancreatic Slice Platforms

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Update in type 1 diabetes.

George S Eisenbarth1

  • 1Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Mail Stop B140, P.O. Box 6511, Aurora, Colorado 80045-6511, USA. george.eisenbarth@uchsc.edu

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|July 10, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Recent advancements offer hope for type 1 diabetes management. New therapies and technologies promise better control and prevention of complications for individuals with immune-mediated diabetes.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Immunology

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes is a complex autoimmune disorder causing significant beta-cell destruction.
  • Type 1A diabetes, the immune-mediated form, affects the majority of patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent progress in understanding type 1 diabetes.
  • To highlight emerging therapeutic and technological advancements for disease management and prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current research in type 1 diabetes genetics and pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of ongoing developments in immunotherapy, islet transplantation, and continuous glucose monitoring.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress in defining the disease's genetics, pathogenesis, and natural history.
  • Development of immunotherapies for prevention and islet transplantation for cure.

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  • Continuous glucose monitoring offers potential for improved patient care.
  • The concept of 'metabolic memory' emphasizes the critical role of sustained metabolic control.
  • Comprehensive care can prevent major microvascular complications like blindness and renal failure.

    • Conclusions:

    • Multiple innovative technologies are emerging for type 1 diabetes treatment.
    • These advancements collectively hold promise for significantly improving patient outcomes.