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Related Concept Videos

Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Acne Infection01:27

Acne Infection

Acne is a multifactorial skin condition primarily affecting adolescents and young adults, with a global prevalence estimated to exceed 75% in this demographic. The condition is characterized by the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules, pustules, nodules, and, in severe cases, cysts, particularly in areas rich in sebaceous glands such as the face, neck, chest, and back. The pathogenesis involves increased sebum production, follicular hyperkeratinization, colonization by...
Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
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Mutations01:35

Mutations

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Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Precision Implementation of Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing to Assess Individual Variation in Human Inflammatory Response
06:31

Precision Implementation of Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing to Assess Individual Variation in Human Inflammatory Response

Published on: October 3, 2019

[Purely natural: phototoxic dermatitis].

E Knott1, H Hofmann

  • 1Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar der TU München. elisabeth.knott@gmx.de

MMW Fortschritte Der Medizin
|July 11, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Undiluted bergamot oil and sun exposure cause skin phototoxicity. Even after treatment, hyperpigmentation and persistent erythema remained, indicating long-term skin damage from this bergamot oil reaction.

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Phototoxicology
  • Cosmetic Science

Background:

  • Bergamot oil, derived from Citrus bergamia, is used in fragrances and aromatherapy.
  • Phototoxicity is an adverse skin reaction triggered by a substance and light exposure.

Observation:

  • Direct application of undiluted bergamot oil followed by sun exposure induced a phototoxic skin reaction.
  • Vesicles formed as an acute manifestation of the phototoxic response.

Findings:

  • Successful treatment of the acute vesicles was achieved.
  • Persistent hyperpigmentation and stress-related erythema were observed post-treatment, indicating lasting skin changes.
  • The combination of bergamot oil and UV radiation resulted in significant skin damage.

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Stimulation of Stem Cell Niches and Tissue Regeneration in Mouse Skin by Switchable Protoporphyrin IX-Dependent Photogeneration of Reactive Oxygen Species In Situ

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Precision Implementation of Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing to Assess Individual Variation in Human Inflammatory Response
06:31

Precision Implementation of Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing to Assess Individual Variation in Human Inflammatory Response

Published on: October 3, 2019

Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
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Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing

Published on: May 28, 2013

Stimulation of Stem Cell Niches and Tissue Regeneration in Mouse Skin by Switchable Protoporphyrin IX-Dependent Photogeneration of Reactive Oxygen Species In Situ
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Stimulation of Stem Cell Niches and Tissue Regeneration in Mouse Skin by Switchable Protoporphyrin IX-Dependent Photogeneration of Reactive Oxygen Species In Situ

Published on: May 8, 2020

Implications:

  • Bergamot oil should be used with caution, especially before sun exposure, to prevent phototoxic reactions.
  • Dermatologists should be aware of persistent post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and erythema following bergamot oil-induced phototoxicity.
  • Further research is needed to understand the long-term sequelae and develop preventative strategies for bergamot oil phototoxicity.