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Related Concept Videos

Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System
06:07

Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System

Published on: October 22, 2020

Tobacco smoking and thyroid function: a population-based study.

Bjørn O Asvold1, Trine Bjøro, Tom I L Nilsen

  • 1Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway. bjorn.o.asvold@ntnu.no

Archives of Internal Medicine
|July 11, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Smoking is linked to lower rates of hypothyroidism but higher rates of hyperthyroidism, with effects on thyroid function appearing reversible after quitting. This study highlights significant associations between smoking habits and thyroid health outcomes.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System
06:07

Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System

Published on: October 22, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • The relationship between tobacco smoking and thyroid function remains incompletely understood.
  • Existing research has not fully elucidated the impact of smoking on thyroid hormone levels and disease prevalence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between smoking status (current, former, never) and thyroid function.
  • To determine the prevalence of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in relation to smoking habits.
  • To explore the reversibility of smoking's effects on thyroid function after smoking cessation.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional, population-based study involving 20,479 women and 10,355 men without prior thyroid disease.
  • Data collected between August 1995 and June 1997.
  • Geometric mean serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations and prevalence of hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism were calculated based on smoking status.

Main Results:

  • Current and former smokers exhibited lower mean thyrotropin levels compared to never smokers in both genders.
  • Thyrotropin levels in former smokers increased with time since smoking cessation, suggesting reversibility.
  • In women, current smokers had a lower prevalence of overt hypothyroidism (OR, 0.60) and a higher prevalence of overt hyperthyroidism (OR, 2.37) compared to never smokers.

Conclusions:

  • Smoking is negatively associated with hypothyroidism and positively associated with hyperthyroidism.
  • The observed associations suggest that smoking's effects on thyroid function may be reversible upon cessation.
  • This study provides novel evidence for a lower prevalence of overt hypothyroidism among current smokers.