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Related Concept Videos

Malaria01:29

Malaria

Malaria pathogenesis in humans reflects a delicate interplay between parasite biology and host response. Clinical illness reflects a host’s immune response to the parasite’s asexual replication cycle, which is often asymptomatic in individuals with partial immunity. From the parasite's perspective, transmission between mosquito and human with minimal host pathology is evolutionarily advantageous. Among the six Plasmodium species infecting humans, P. falciparum and P. vivax dominate in global...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Symbiosis00:58

Symbiosis

Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...

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Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Selection of Plasmodium falciparum Parasites for Cytoadhesion to Human Brain Endothelial Cells
10:09

Selection of Plasmodium falciparum Parasites for Cytoadhesion to Human Brain Endothelial Cells

Published on: January 3, 2012

Plasmodium vivax cerebral malaria.

Rajoo Thapa1, Vikram Patra, Ritabrata Kundu

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, The Institute of Child Health, 11, Dr. Biresh Guha Street, Kolkata 700 017, India. rajoothapa@yahoo.co.in

Indian Pediatrics
|July 11, 2007
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Summary

Two children with Plasmodium vivax malaria experienced severe neurological complications, including seizures and meningoencephalitis. Prompt treatment with artesunate was administered, highlighting the rare but serious neurological impact of this infection.

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Published on: January 2, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Tropical Medicine

Background:

  • Plasmodium vivax malaria is a significant global health concern, primarily known for causing febrile illness.
  • Neurological complications, such as cerebral malaria, are less commonly associated with P. vivax compared to Plasmodium falciparum.
  • Understanding the spectrum of P. vivax presentations is crucial for timely diagnosis and management.

Observation:

  • Two pediatric cases (12 years old) of P. vivax malaria presented with severe central nervous system involvement.
  • One patient exhibited predominantly meningeal signs, suggestive of meningitis.
  • The other patient presented with isolated encephalitis features, indicating direct brain inflammation.

Findings:

  • Both patients experienced seizures as a complication of P. vivax malaria.
  • The clinical manifestations ranged from meningeal irritation to diffuse meningoencephalitis.
  • Artesunate was the chosen treatment modality for both complicated cases.

Implications:

  • This report underscores the potential for P. vivax malaria to cause severe neurological disease, including meningoencephalitis and seizures.
  • Cerebral malaria, though rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of febrile encephalopathy in endemic or returning traveler populations.
  • Early recognition and appropriate antimalarial therapy, such as artesunate, are vital for improving outcomes in severe P. vivax malaria.