Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...

Solid–Solid Solutions

Solid–Solid Solutions

The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.

Classification and Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Polymers

Classification and Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Polymers

Synthetic polymers are classified as elastomers, fibers, or plastics based on their crystallinity. Crystallinity, the degree of long-range order in the solid state, influences the mechanical properties (stretching or contracting) of elastomers. Elastomers are flexible polymers that can expand or contract easily upon the application of an external force. They have numerous crosslinks that pull them back into their original shape when stress is removed. Silicones, for instance, are highly elastic...

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Stability Enhancement and GI Retention

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Stability Enhancement and GI Retention

Improving a drug's stability in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is paramount for enhancing its bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. Various strategies are employed to protect the drug from the harsh gastric milieu and to ensure its release and absorption at the desired site within the GI tract.Polymer coatings are one such method used to shield drugs from the stomach's acidic environment. By preventing premature drug release, these coatings improve the bioavailability of unstable...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Development of a pH-modulating vaginal film through direct powder extrusion 3D printing for on-demand, hormone-free contraception: a quality by design approach.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2026

Same author

Development of 3D-printed chitosan/p-coumaric acid scaffolds for wound healing: antibacterial properties and drug release kinetics.

European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V·2025

Same author

Twin-screw melt granulation of Eudragit® FS100: optimization of coating-free delayed-release matrix tablets with HPMC K4M modulation.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2025

Same author

Investigating the Potential of Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) and Its Polymer Blends for Enhancing Fenofibrate Amorphous Solid Dispersion Dissolution Profile.

Pharmaceutics·2025

Same author

Fabrication of Gastroretentive and Extended-Release Famotidine Floating Tablets via Fused Deposition Modeling.

AAPS PharmSciTech·2025

Same author

Kollicoat<sup>®</sup> Smartseal 100P for Developing Theophylline Pellets: Exploring Taste-Masking Potential for Pediatric Applications.

Pharmaceutics·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography

Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography

Published on: January 25, 2019

Stabilization of hot-melt extrusion formulations containing solid solutions using polymer blends.

Suneela Prodduturi¹, Kevin L Urman, Joshua U Otaigbe

¹Food and Drug Administration, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St Louis, MO 63101, USA.

AAPS Pharmscitech

|July 12, 2007

Summary

This study enhanced clotrimazole (CT) drug stability in hot-melt extrusion (HME) films using hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) blends. Optimal stability and drug release were achieved with a 55:35:10 HPC:PEO:CT ratio.

More Related Videos

Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers

Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers

Published on: June 20, 2019

Solution Blow Spinning of Polymeric Nano-Composite Fibers for Personal Protective Equipment

Solution Blow Spinning of Polymeric Nano-Composite Fibers for Personal Protective Equipment

Published on: March 18, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography

Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography

Published on: January 25, 2019

Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers

Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers

Published on: June 20, 2019

Solution Blow Spinning of Polymeric Nano-Composite Fibers for Personal Protective Equipment

Solution Blow Spinning of Polymeric Nano-Composite Fibers for Personal Protective Equipment

Published on: March 18, 2021

Area of Science:

Pharmaceutical Sciences
Materials Science

Background:

Hot-melt extrusion (HME) is a viable technique for amorphous solid dispersion formulation.
Enhancing the physical stability of amorphous solid dispersions is crucial for drug product performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To improve the physical stability and tailor drug release of clotrimazole (CT) in HME films.
To investigate the impact of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) blends on HME film properties.

Main Methods:

HME films were prepared using varying ratios of HPC and PEO with CT.
Solid-state characterization included differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).
Bioadhesive, mechanical, moisture sorption, and drug release properties were evaluated over 12 months.

Main Results:

Clotrimazole (CT) was successfully incorporated in a solid solution within all HME films.
Increasing HPC concentration enhanced the physical stability of CT and PEO but reduced bioadhesivity and flexibility.
A 55:35:10 HPC:PEO:CT ratio yielded optimal physical-mechanical, bioadhesive, and drug release characteristics.

Conclusions:

Polymer blends of HPC and PEO effectively enhance the physical stability of CT in HME films.
The HPC:PEO ratio can be optimized to tailor drug release, mechanical, and bioadhesive properties.
HME films offer a promising platform for stable amorphous solid dispersions of poorly soluble drugs.